Photo activated disinfection efficiency of low-intensity laser and comprehensive prevention of caries and gingivitis in adolescents using bracket system

Abstract

It is very important to study the problem of caries and gingivitis in adolescents who are being treated for orthodontic pathology with bracket systems. The method of combined treatment which incorporates the use of medicine and laser therapy has been proved e®ective in caries prevention. This research aims to study clinical aspects of the e®ectiveness of the combined in°uence of the low-intensity laser \OPTODAN" with a wavelength of 0.85 m (Scienti¯c Development and Production Center \VEND", Saratov, Russia) in carries prevention. The research also aims to study the disinfection method of PAD with \FotoSan" (\CMS Dental", Denmark, with a wavelength of 625-635 nm, where toluidine blue is used as photosensitizer molecules) combined with regular measure to prevent gingivitis in adolescents being treated for orthodontic pathology with bracket systems. This paper presents the results of 1.5 years of clinical study of 60 12-13-year-old children. They were examined before and after the orthodontic treatment: their decayed, missing,¯lled teeth (DMFT), decayed, missing,¯lled tooth surfaces (DMFS) index and hygiene status (OHI-S) were calculated, gum in°ammations were detected. Before the orthodontic treatment, their mouths were sanitized. After orthodontic appliances were placed, the children were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Children of the¯rst group, while being treated with braces, took traditional preventative measures against gum in°ammation and caries: occupational hygiene, local antiseptics (0.05% chlorhexidine solution), the use of remineralizing and phosphorus containing applications four times a year. The children of the second group, along with the traditional scheme of preventive measures, were treated with the devices \FotoSan" and \Optodan". Results of clinical examination of the second group have accurately proved decrease in the growth of dental caries intensity and surface caries intensity (ÁDMFT, ÁDMFS) and in gingivitis level at the end of the orthodontic treatment. So the results of our clinical research have proved the e®ectiveness of laser therapy and comprehensive prevention of caries and gingivitis in adolescents using bracket system.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy using zinc phthalocyanine derivatives in treatment of bacterial skin infection

“…For example, a recent report showed the effectiveness of laser therapy with a wavelength of 850 nm in the prevention of caries and gingivitis in adolescents. 33 We used LED light sources with a power of 100 mW in this study and found it strong enough to produce significant antimicrobial photodynamic effects, in combination with our cationic photosensitizer ZnPc-ðLysÞ 5 . The use of battery-powered, inexpensive, and portable LED light sources may make possible a low-cost and efficient deployment of systems to be used for wound decontamination.…”

Effectiveness of laser irradiation in preventing enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment: A systematic review

“…13 One clinical trial used an Optodan low-intensity laser around orthodontic brackets and reported that the growth index in dental and surface caries intensity was significantly lower in the laser therapy group than in the control group (p ≤ 0.001). 20 The results of the studies included are summarized in Table 3. clinical trial increase in WSLs in the laserirradiated and the control patients; enamel changes in the irradiated and nonmanipulated parts of enamel of the premolar in vivo part of the study: 10 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, with enamel WSLs on their teeth, the other 10 patients were a control group; the focus was on maxillary incisors in vitro part of the study: laser irradiation was applied to 1 extracted premolar Nd:YAG laser -pulse width: 0.3 ms; -pulse energy: 0.75 J; -power: 2 × 10 W; -repeated 20 pps; -time: 5 s; -fluence: 40 J/cm 2 in vivo study: the experimental group of 10 patients was administered a black liquid agent, then it was irradiated with laser, and finally the APF gel was applied in vitro study: one part of the extracted premolar was painted with a black liquid, and then irradiated with laser, while the other part of the premolar was used as a control 1 year increase in the area of WSLs after 1 year in the experimental and control groups; enamel surface changes in the irradiated and control parts of the extracted premolar…”

“…Laser irradiation has been widely studied in vitro and showed its effectiveness in increasing enamel resistance to decalcification, suggesting that it could be useful during orthodontic treatment. As presented in the literature, many laser types have been used to prevent enamel demineralization around orthodontic appliances, including Er:YAG, [23][24][25] Nd:YAG, 13,21,22 CO 2 , [18][19][20][21][22][26][27][28] diode, 29,30 and argon laser. [14][15][16][17]31,32 Although the clinical application of lasers during orthodontic treatment for a preventive purpose is still limited, the present review showed clinical effectiveness of laser irradiation in inhibiting enamel demineralization.…”

“…The effect of an Optodan laser on enamel demineralization was studied in a RCT by comparing the development of tooth caries intensity (growth of the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index -ΔDMFT, and growth of the Decayed, Missing and Filled tooth Surfaces index -ΔDMFS) between the laser group and the control group for a 1-year follow-up period, and it showed significantly lower caries intensity in the lased group as compared to the control non-irradiated group. 20 Changes in the enamel structure after laser irradiation were evaluated in 2 of the included studies by scanning electron microscopy. Miresmaeili et al evaluated enamel surface changes by extracting 2 premolars (irradiated and control) of 1 patient after 1 week of CO 2 laser irradiation; the lased tooth showed melting of the enamel surface.…”

Does dentifrice provide the necessary saturation of ions in oral fluids to favour remineralisation?

“…The prophylactic efficiency of exogenous methods, namely tooth brushing, gel application and laser irradiation, has been demonstrated [20,21,[24][25][26][27][28]. However, such exogenous methods do not promote the balance between the natural processes of mineral loss and their replacement in the plaque fluid and mixed saliva [29].…”