It is very important to study the problem of caries and gingivitis in adolescents who are being treated for orthodontic pathology with bracket systems. The method of combined treatment which incorporates the use of medicine and laser therapy has been proved e®ective in caries prevention. This research aims to study clinical aspects of the e®ectiveness of the combined in°uence of the low-intensity laser \OPTODAN" with a wavelength of 0.85 m (Scienti¯c Development and Production Center \VEND", Saratov, Russia) in carries prevention. The research also aims to study the disinfection method of PAD with \FotoSan" (\CMS Dental", Denmark, with a wavelength of 625-635 nm, where toluidine blue is used as photosensitizer molecules) combined with regular measure to prevent gingivitis in adolescents being treated for orthodontic pathology with bracket systems. This paper presents the results of 1.5 years of clinical study of 60 12-13-year-old children. They were examined before and after the orthodontic treatment: their decayed, missing,¯lled teeth (DMFT), decayed, missing,¯lled tooth surfaces (DMFS) index and hygiene status (OHI-S) were calculated, gum in°ammations were detected. Before the orthodontic treatment, their mouths were sanitized. After orthodontic appliances were placed, the children were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Children of the¯rst group, while being treated with braces, took traditional preventative measures against gum in°ammation and caries: occupational hygiene, local antiseptics (0.05% chlorhexidine solution), the use of remineralizing and phosphorus containing applications four times a year. The children of the second group, along with the traditional scheme of preventive measures, were treated with the devices \FotoSan" and \Optodan". Results of clinical examination of the second group have accurately proved decrease in the growth of dental caries intensity and surface caries intensity (ÁDMFT, ÁDMFS) and in gingivitis level at the end of the orthodontic treatment. So the results of our clinical research have proved the e®ectiveness of laser therapy and comprehensive prevention of caries and gingivitis in adolescents using bracket system.

Background: The role of preventive measures increases significantly in the absence of effective specific COVID-19 treatment. Mass population immunization and the achievement of collective immunity are of particular importance. The future development of public attitudes towards SARS-CoV-2 immunization depends significantly on medical students, as future physicians. Therefore, it seemed relevant to determine the percentage of COVID-19-vaccinated medical students and to identify the factors significantly affecting this indicator. Methods: A total of 2890 medical students from years one to six, studying at nine leading Russian medical universities, participated in an anonymous sociological survey. The study was performed in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Results: It was found that the percentage of vaccinated Russian medical students at the beginning of the academic year 2021 was 58.8 ± 7.69%, which did not significantly differ from the vaccination coverage of the general population in the corresponding regions (54.19 ± 4.83%). Student vaccination rate was largely determined by the region-specific epidemiological situation. The level of student vaccination coverage did not depend on the gender or student residence (in a family or in a university dormitory). The group of senior students had a higher number of COVID-19 vaccine completers than the group of junior students. The lack of reliable information about COVID-19 vaccines had a pronounced negative impact on the SARS-CoV-2 immunization process. Significant information sources influencing student attitudes toward vaccination included medical professionals, medical universities, academic conferences, and manuscripts, which at that time provided the least information. Conclusion: The obtained results make it possible to develop recommendations to promote SARS-CoV-2 immunoprophylaxis among students and the general population and to increase collective immunity.

In modern orthodontic practice, a narrow upper jaw is often corrected using teeth-anchored expanders. As a result of skeletal expansion, dental orthodontic appliances have an adverse effect both on the teeth and on the supporting tissues. An analysis of the issues associated with dental fixation devices, as well as the results of combined orthodontic & surgical treatment with Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE), has allowed us to develop a palatal expander anchored on miniimplants. This method has been tested through the upper jaw expansion in patients in their post-pubertal period. The article offers a view at the changes in the skeletal and dental parameters during rapid maxillary expansion with the proposed expander. Skeletal expansion of the upper dentition in this case is achieved with minor changes in the lateral teeth inclination, thus allowing to minimize the risk of side effects typical for teeth-anchored expanders: root resorption, alveolar bone buccal thickness reduction, marginal bone reduction, and gum recession. The method proposed for upper jaw skeletal narrowing treatment with a palatal expander supported by mini-implants improves the upper airway.

A review of national and international publications on autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Problems of etiology and clinical manifestations of ASD are considered including morphological and functional changes in maxillofacial region affected by it. The review describes in detail problems that children with this pathology and their parents face when searching and visiting a dentist. Particular attention is paid to the preparation for the dental appointment of such children, as well as recommendations are described for dentists who treat children suffering from ASD.

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