“…[14][15][16] The oxide has rectifying properties, i.e., the current flows in the cathodic direction but not in the anodic direction. 17 Nb oxides are found in a large variety of applications, such as oxygen and biosensors, 18,19 electrochromic material, [20][21][22] catalysis, 23 and capacitors. [24][25][26] So-called valve metals ͑film forming metals͒ in electrolyte form a porous oxide when subjected to high anodic potentials ͑over dielectric breakdown͒.…”