The development of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)‐based supercapacitors have attracted intense concentration in recent years due to their regularly arranged porous and tunable pore sizes. However, the performance of the MOFs‐derived supercapacitors is also low because of their poor electrical conductivity and rarely accessible active sites. In the present work, we developed a Co‐MOF (namely Co2BIM4, BIM=benzimidazole) nanosheets derived Co3O4/nitrogen‐doped carbon (Co2BIM4‐Co3O4/NC) heteroaerogel as a novel supercapacitor electrode. The 3D Co2BIM4‐Co3O4/NC heteroaerogels were obtained by directly intercalating polyethyleneimine (PEI) into the interlayers of Co2BIM4 nanosheets and following by carbonizing the resulting Co2BIM4/PEI composite. The Co2BIM4‐Co3O4/NC electrode possessed 3D conductive framework with an overlapped hetero‐interface and expanded interlayers, leading to fast and stable charge transfer/diffusion and an enhanced pseudocapacitance performance. Therefore, the Co2BIM4‐Co3O4/NC electrode showed ultrahigh capacitance of 2568 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 1747 F g−1 at 10 A g−1, and excellent long cycling time with a capacitance preservation of 92.7 % following 10000 cycles at 10 A g−1, which is very promising for applications in supercapacitors and other energy storage devices.