Photoassisted Desulfurization Induced by Visible-Light Irradiation for the Production of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Using Nanoparticles of CdO

Abstract

The heterogeneous photocatalytic desulfurization processes have been paid wide attention due to their effectiveness in removing the condensed organo-sulfur compounds. Such methods may gain greater consideration via utilizing the visible light in general and sun spectrum in particular. This research work aims to produce low sulfur diesel fuel through a catalyzed photochemical route using nanoparticles of CdO under the visible-light irradiation. Two various structures of CdO were prepared in this study by both the chemical precipitation and autoignition techniques. The structural and morphological characteristics of the obtained cadmium oxides were determined via different tools of analyzes. The production of a low sulfur diesel fuel was then investigated under various operating parameters, such as type of light source, catalyst-to-feed dosage, and reaction time. The effect of adding oxidizing agents at different concentrations on the desulfurization process was also studied. After the maximum sulfur removal had been detected under the optimum conditions, the ultimate removal of sulfur was attained through a subsequent solvent extraction step. A diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 45 ppm was acquired at the end of this research study. A total sulfur removal of 99.6 wt % was obtained because the original diesel fuel feedstock has an overall concentration of the sulfur compounds of 11 500 ppm.

Optimization of dosing and mixing time through fabrication of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerization based adsorbents for use in purification of oil in water contaminated wastewater

“…In order to add economic values to the presented adsorption process, it was necessary to find out about the possibility of spent adsorbent reusage. The displayed used adsorbent in Figure 6c was regenerated according to the given procedures in Reference . The morphology of the regenerated adsorbent is illustrated in Figure where a similar morphology to that of the fresh adsorbent (Figure 6a,b) could be detected.…”

The production of clean diesel fuel by facile sun light photocatalytic desulfurization process using Cd-based diacetate as a novel liquid photocatalyst

“…The oxide catalyst CdOx nanoparticles were obtained by calcination at 500 C for 6 h under air atmosphere. The current method is an alternative to the precipitation method discussed in a previous work that consisted of using NaOH as the precipitating agent (Morshedy et al, 2016). Although the synthesis procedures are entirely different, the experimental conditions have been adjusted to maintain the same amount of cadmium during the photocatalytic experiments for both CdOx NPs and Cd diacetate, by the control of starting initial molar ratio.…”

“…It is noteworthy that the two solutions (meaning feedstock and photo liquid Cd diacetate) are immiscible. Batch experiments were simply carried out by equilibrating equal volumes of the two solutions in stoppered glass bottles using a magnetic stirrer; the concentration of the photo-catalyst was 8.8 Â 10 À3 M. The whole system was then exposed to the irradiation source to initiate the process (Morshedy et al, 2016). Blank experiments without photocatalysts and irradiation were systematically carried out: for example, the specific absorption of sulfur in Cd diacetate did not exceed 12% while for CdOx, the sorption did not exceed 3.5% in the dark.…”

“…The raffinate was then dried over anhydrous calcium chloride. The solvent was eliminated from the extract phase by distillation under reduced pressure (Morshedy et al, 2016). The yield of desulfurization was calculated by comparison of initial and final sulfur compounds on the diesel phases.…”

“…The photocatalytic performance is compared with the more conventional solid CdO NPs in the desulfurization treatment of diesel fuel (Morshedy et al, 2016). The effect of different parameters such as irradiation type, catalyst dosage, oxidizing agents, and solvent extraction on sulfur removal was investigated.…”