The heterogeneous photocatalytic desulfurization processes have been paid wide attention due to their effectiveness in removing the condensed organo-sulfur compounds. Such methods may gain greater consideration via utilizing the visible light in general and sun spectrum in particular. This research work aims to produce low sulfur diesel fuel through a catalyzed photochemical route using nanoparticles of CdO under the visible-light irradiation. Two various structures of CdO were prepared in this study by both the chemical precipitation and autoignition techniques. The structural and morphological characteristics of the obtained cadmium oxides were determined via different tools of analyzes. The production of a low sulfur diesel fuel was then investigated under various operating parameters, such as type of light source, catalyst-to-feed dosage, and reaction time. The effect of adding oxidizing agents at different concentrations on the desulfurization process was also studied. After the maximum sulfur removal had been detected under the optimum conditions, the ultimate removal of sulfur was attained through a subsequent solvent extraction step. A diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 45 ppm was acquired at the end of this research study. A total sulfur removal of 99.6 wt % was obtained because the original diesel fuel feedstock has an overall concentration of the sulfur compounds of 11 500 ppm.

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Photocatalysis is one of the promising processes for developing greener fuels. This work compares a new liquid Cd-based diacetate and CdOx nanoparticles for photo-desulfurization of diesel. Various tools, including XRD, XPS, TEM, 1 H& 13 C NMR, FTIR, reflectance, and photoluminescence, were used for char-acterizing the materials. Different parameters, such as irradiation type, catalyst dosage, oxidizing agents, and solvent extraction were applied. The results showed that, under visible light irradiation with a linear halogen lamp (LHL), Cd diacetate reveals promising sulfur removal (98.5%) for 2 h compared with CdOx NPs (97.7%) for 3 h in the presence of H 2 O 2 and acetic acid as oxidizing agents and acetonitrile as a solvent. Under sunlight, sulfur content decreased from 11500 ppm to 65 ppm (removal exceeds 99.4% for the Cd diacetate against 98.0% for CdOx NPs) with high-quality properties (aniline point: 91.8 C, diesel index: 79.8). The photo-luminance activity of Cd diacetate (low intensity) allows reducing electron/hole pair recombination, which maintains stable photocatalytic activity with enhanced visible light elimi-nation of organosulfur compounds for economical, clean fuel production associated with pollution control. The catalyst recycling and the spontaneous regeneration of the solvent make the process very attractive. Cd diacetate was successfully recycled over six cycles.