Photobiomodulation in 3D tissue engineering

Abstract

. Significance : The method of photobiomodulation (PBM) has been used in medicine for a long time to promote anti-inflammation and pain-resolving processes in different organs and tissues. PBM triggers numerous cellular pathways including stimulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, alteration of the cytoskeleton, cell death prevention, increasing proliferative activity, and directing cell differentiation. The most effective wavelengths for PBM are found within the optical window (750 to 1100 nm), in which light can permeate tissues and other water-containing structures to depths of up to a few cm. PBM already finds its applications in the developing fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the diversity of three-dimensional (3D) systems, irradiation sources, and protocols intricate the PBM applications. Aim: We aim to discuss the PBM and 3D tissue engineered constructs to define the fields of interest for PBM applications in tissue engineering. Approach : First, we provide a brief overview of PBM and the timeline of its development. Then, we discuss the optical properties of 3D cultivation systems and important points of light dosimetry. Finally, we analyze the cellular pathways induced by PBM and outcomes observed in various 3D tissue-engineered constructs: hydrogels, scaffolds, spheroids, cell sheets, bioprinted structures, and organoids. Results: Our summarized results demonstrate the great potential of PBM in the stimulation of the cell survival and viability in 3D conditions. The strategies to achieve different cell physiology states with particular PBM parameters are outlined. Conclusions: PBM has already proved itself as a convenient and effective tool to prevent drastic cellular events in the stress conditions. Because of the poor viability of cells in scaffolds and the convenience of PBM devices, 3D tissue engineering is a perspective field for PBM applications.

Combined Light and Thermal Stimulation of Bone Marrow Stem Cells

“…We believe that to increase the proliferation activity of cells, they can be exposed to laser light with certain parameters before being placed in the scaffold or directly into the scaffold. 41,42 In the work, 43 the authors studied the dose effect of low intensity laser radiation (LILR) with a wavelength of 915 nm on the viability of Saos-2 human osteoblast-like cancer cells. They revealed the hormesis effect which claims the existence of a radiation dose in the range of 10 J/cm 2 with maximal cells proliferation.…”

In Vivo Evidence of Blue LED Light Photobiomodulation

“…The exact mechanisms of photobiomodulation are still not fully understood, but the involvement of the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondria, and action on specific cellular targets appears evident [3]. Current research suggests that the absorption of light energy by specific cellular components triggers various biological responses [4]. Photobiomodulation has been shown to activate several key cellular processes, including (i) modulation of energy production, where light energy is absorbed by cellular mitochondria, leading to an increase in ATP synthesis; (ii) reduced oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidants and reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (iii) stimulated cell proliferation and promotion of tissue repair, making it practical for treating conditions such as wounds and neurodegenerative diseases [5].…”