Photocatalysis combined with chromatographic methods as a new promising tool in drug metabolism studies – a review

Abstract

The number of new drugs launched to the market is constantly increasing; however, the metabolism of many of them is still not fully established. The knowledge of drug metabolism pathways is crucial for the efficacy and safety of therapies and, in classical approach, requires the use of animals as well as human volunteers, but this kind of research is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, nowadays, more and more biological and chemical in vitro methods are developed for the drug metabolism study. This review is focused on the photocatalytic degradation of chemicals and the application of this process in chromatographic methods of drug metabolism research. A theoretical background of photocatalysis and all its applications in a drug metabolism study were reviewed, and other in vitro methods that are actually used were summarized and discussed. Other analytical methods used in this area were also discussed and compared.

Styryl Group, a Friend or Foe in Medicinal Chemistry

“…Another metabolic pathway for flunarizine involves aromatic hydroxylation 180 c , N ‐oxide formation 180 d , and N ‐dealkylation ( 180 a, 180 b ). The aromatic hydroxylated metabolite ( 180 c ) does not show predicted toxicity, whereas N ‐dealkylation metabolite 180 a along with epoxide 180 e and dihydroxy metabolite 180 f shows toxicity in acute toxicity in rodents (Figure 30b) [147] …”

Simulation of phase I metabolism reactions of clozapine by HLM and photocatalytic methods with the use of UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS

“…The activation of the compound as a result of radiation quant absorption in range of 385-410 nm causes the production of radicals with both oxidative and reductive properties. These unique attributes described by Fujishima and Honda became the basis for using TiO 2 in drug metabolism studies (Fujishima & Honda, 1972;Gawlik, Skibiński, Trawiński, & Komsta, 2017). The search for photocatalysts with better parameters causes other compounds such as zinc oxide to take on importance; however, the use of ZnO in environmental research is Abbreviations: HLM, human liver microsomes; PCA, principal component analysis; Q-TOF, quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.…”

“…Evolution profiles of transformation products of clozapine in TiO 2 -assisted photocatalysis Evolution profiles of transformation products of clozapine in ZnO-assisted photocatalysis reactions kinetics depends on the catalyst loading and the compound concentration in this case(Trawiński & Skibiński, 2017; Trawiński, Skibiński, & Szymański, 2018).…”