Words cannot express the heartfelt gratitude towards my beloved parents who, in spite of their poor health, have never failed to shower me with their unconditional support. I draw great strength from their immense love. My virtuous wife, Xiaoping, whom I was acquainted to during our Ph.D. journeys at NTU, has weathered through trials and tribulations with me, yet I have never once heard her complain. She has empowered me with beliefs and optimism that gave me strength to surmount every obstacle ahead. My Ph.D. pursuits wouldn't be possible without her much-appreciated inputs. For everything that she has sacrificed for me and the family, this thesis is dedicated to her. To my Supervisor, Professor Darren, thank you for providing me the research platform and courage to explore new scientific regions with both autonomy and guidance. To say that I am thankful to him is an understatement because he has discharged duties beyond that of a Ph.D. supervisor. Over the years, he has become a personal mentor and confidant, always ready to lend a listening ear and sharing his vast experiences, as well as giving invaluable advice.