“…The use of chemical modifiers/dopants is one method of addressing the low transition temperature and issues regarding photocatalysis in TiO 2 . One type of doping involves the use of metal dopants such as iron [21][22][23][24], silver [15,25], chromium [26], copper [22,27,28], and manganese [29][30][31] or metal oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 and ZnO [11,14,[32][33][34]. However, as noted by Byrne et al the use of metal dopants can result in the formation of impurities at elevated temperatures which can have a negative impact on the transition temperature and photocatalytic activity [14,20,35].…”