“…Since 1972, Fujishima and Honda (1972) found that titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) could split water to produce hydrogen under UV light irradiation, thus opening up a new era of titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) in photocatalysis. Up to now, TiO 2 has been Tryba et al, 2006 Fe-C-TiO 2 2.1 × 10 −4 mol L −1 phenol 2.8 0.2 g/L 0.015 mM 120 min UV light 98% degradation removal Tryba et al, 2006 Fe-TiO 2 0.32 mM thiacloprid 2.8 1.67 g/L 45 mM 500 min UV light 100% TOC removal Banić et al, 2011 CdS/MWCNT-TiO 2 50 mM methylene blue 3.5 0.75 g/L 0.6 mM 120 min Visible light 98% discoloration and 83% TOC removal Kim and Kan, 2015 well-applied in the fields of energy and environment, including organic removal (Vaiano et al, 2015;Shayegan et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019;Dong et al, 2019), hydrogen production (Zhang et al, 2012;Xi et al, 2014;Xing et al, 2015;, CO 2 reduction (Yu et al, 2014;Dong et al, 2018a;Xing et al, 2018b), nitrogen fixation (Comer and Medford, 2018;Li C. et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2019), and methane conversion (Wang P. et al, 2017;Yu et al, 2017), etc. Attributed to the sufficiently high reduction potential, low economical cost and high stability, TiO 2 has attracted great attention as one of the most potential and influential photocatalysts (Dong et al, 2018b).…”