Photocatalytic treatment of palm oil mill effluent by visible light-active calcium ferrite: Effects of catalyst preparation technique

Charles, Ashwin; Cheng, Chin Kui

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.024

Cited by 35 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Therefore, the values of the potentials of the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) for the CFO800 product were -1.80 and 0.19 eV (vs. NHE), respectively. Similar results have been reported for CaFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles with band gap values below 2.0 eV [9,32,33], which show potential for application in photocatalysis under visible light. The nanofibers produced in this study showed lower band gap energy values when compared to Mg 1-x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 ferrites (band gaps in the range of 2.1 to 2.18 eV) [26], BiOCl nanoparticles (3.5 eV) [34], and NiO/ZnO nanocomposites (between 3.02 and 3.28 eV) [35].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This causes the excitation of electrons (e -) from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) and generates electron holes (h + ). These photogenerated electron-hole pairs (e -/h + ) are responsible for triggering a series of redox reactions, favoring the decomposition of organic compounds [9,10]. To intensify the photocatalytic activity, photocatalysts have been synthesized with nanostructured morphology and dimensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CaFe2O4 ferrite nanofibers via solution blow spinning (SBS)

et al. 2020

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CaFe2O4 nanofibers were successfully synthesized via solution blow spinning (SBS), and the influences of heat-treatment on morphological, microstructural, magnetic, and optical properties of the nanofibers were evaluated. In the synthesis process, stoichiometric amounts of iron and calcium nitrates were dissolved in an aqueous solution containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and, after that, hybrid nanofibers (PVP/precursors) were produced by SBS. The hybrid nanofibers were calcined and then subjected to microstructural, morphological, and magnetic characterizations. The results evidenced that the fibers presented the crystalline nature of the single-phase CaFe2O4, with a crystallite size of 32.7 and 34.4 nm for the samples calcined at 800 and 1000 °C, respectively. The CaFe2O4 fibers calcined at 600 and 800 °C presented a homogeneous morphology, without beads, and mean diameters of 521 and 427 nm, respectively. The results also revealed nanofibers with low band gaps of approximately 1.98 eV and characteristics of soft magnetic materials.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CaFe2O4 ferrite nanofibers via solution blow spinning (SBS)

et al. 2020

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“…Reports indicate a huge potential of photocatalysis for the remediation of TPOME, and are well-proven in previous works [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. For instance, Alhaji et al [ 12 ] reported that the immobilized TiO 2 based photocatalytic process was able to efficiently remove more than 90% of COD from TPOME in 5 h of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon and Carbon-Nitrogen Doped Black TiO2 Nanomaterials and Their Application in Sonophotocatalytic Remediation of Treated Agro-Industrial Wastewater

et al. 2021

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The conventional open ponding system employed for palm oil mill agro-effluent (POME) treatment fails to lower the levels of organic pollutants to the mandatory standard discharge limits. In this work, carbon doped black TiO2 (CB-TiO2) and carbon-nitrogen co-doped black TiO2 (CNB-TiO2) were synthesized via glycerol assisted sol-gel techniques and employed for the remediation of treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME). Both the samples were anatase phase, with a crystallite size of 11.09–22.18 nm, lower bandgap of 2.06–2.63 eV, superior visible light absorption ability, and a high surface area of 239.99–347.26 m2/g. The performance of CNB-TiO2 was higher (51.48%) compared to only (45.72%) CB-TiO2. Thus, the CNB-TiO2 is employed in sonophotocatalytic reactions. Sonophotocatalytic process based on CNB-TiO2, assisted by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and operated at an ultrasonication (US) frequency of 30 kHz and 40 W power under visible light irradiation proved to be the most efficient for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. More than 90% of COD was removed within 60 min of sonophotocatalytic reaction, producing the effluent with the COD concentration well below the stipulated permissible limit of 50 mg/L. The electrical energy required per order of magnitude was estimated to be only 177.59 kWh/m3, indicating extreme viability of the proposed process for the remediation of TPOME.

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“…POME is typically acidic (pH 4.5-5) with 95-96% water, 4-5% total solids including 2-4% suspended solids, as well as 0.6-0.7% of oil and grease [2]. Moreover, POME also contains organic matters such as lignin (4700 ppm), phenolics (5800 ppm), pectin (3400 ppm), and amino acids [3]. Consequently, POME can cause a severely destructive impact on the environment if discharged directly to water sources owing to its high chemical oxygen Sustainability 2021, 13, 796 2 of 15 demand (COD) (40,000 to 100,000 ppm) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (25,000 to 65,000 ppm) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles Derived from Papaya Peel Extract for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the green chemistry based-approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles has shown tremendous promise as an alternative to the costly and environmentally unfriendly chemically synthesized nanoparticles. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through a green approach using the water extract of papaya (Carica papaya L.) peel biowaste as reducing as well as stabilizing agents, and copper (II) nitrate trihydrate salt as a precursor. The structural properties, crystallinity, purity, morphology, and the chemical composition of as-synthesized CuO NPs were analyzed using different analytical methods. The analytical results revealed that the synthesized CuO was observed as spherical-like in particles with measured sizes ranging from 85–140 nm and has monoclinic crystalline phase with good purity. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results confirmed the formation of the Cu-O bond through the involvement of the potential functional groups of biomolecules in papaya peel extract. Regarding photocatalytic activity, the green-synthesized CuO NPs were employed as a photocatalyst for the degradation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) beneath the ultraviolet (UV) light and results showed 66% degradation of the POME was achieved after 3 h exposure to UV irradiation. The phytotoxicity experiment using mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seed also showed a reduction of toxicity after photodegradation.

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Photocatalytic treatment of palm oil mill effluent by visible light-active calcium ferrite: Effects of catalyst preparation technique

Cited by 35 publications

References 47 publications

CaFe2O4 ferrite nanofibers via solution blow spinning (SBS)

CaFe2O4 ferrite nanofibers via solution blow spinning (SBS)

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon and Carbon-Nitrogen Doped Black TiO2 Nanomaterials and Their Application in Sonophotocatalytic Remediation of Treated Agro-Industrial Wastewater

Green Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles Derived from Papaya Peel Extract for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

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