Photochemical cleavage of water by photocatalysis

Borgarello, Enrico; Kiwi, J.; Pelizzetti, Ezio; Visca, M.; Grätzel, Michaël

doi:10.1038/289158a0

Cited by 383 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Solar panels for heating and production of electricity as such do not store energy, although batteries and chemical flow batteries are available and being improved. Two other major routes suggest themselves, for storing the collected photonic energy in the form of chemicals: -H 2 production by water splitting [11][12][13][14][15][16] -CO 2 reduction, combined with water oxidation (to O 2 ), yielding liquids such as alcohols or even hydrocarbons. This process is commonly referred to as artificial photosynthesis [17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Minerals (Including P and N In Suitable Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The function of this noble metal promoter (e.g., Pt) on the semi-conductor surface is two-fold: it enhances the lifetime of the photo-excited state (i.e., alters physical properties) and it catalyzes the formation of H 2 [12,52]. Often a catalytic functionality for O 2 formation is also added, such as RuO 2 .…”

Section: The Overall Water Splitting Reaction [5 and References Thermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Functioning devices for solar to fuel conversion

Mul¹,

Schacht²,

Swaaij³

et al. 2012

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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a b s t r a c tThis paper provides a perspective on the technologies capable of converting solar energy, CO 2 and H 2 O into an easy to use fuel. The paper addresses bio-based approaches, but mainly focuses on (i) the combination of photovoltaic (PV) devices and electrocatalysis, (ii) single unit operation by photocatalytic conversion, and (iii) solar thermal conversion. Each option is described in a general manner, including a brief evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages. Also suggestions for future research endeavours are given. Based on the used literature data, for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic technologies, dramatic improvements should be made in material optimization, as well as reactor design and operation. Large efficiency gains are necessary to enable use of these technologies in practice. Solar thermal conversion is more mature, and requires specific optimization in processing, as will be discussed.

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Section: Minerals (Including P and N In Suitable Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Overall Water Splitting Reaction [5 and References Thermentioning

confidence: 99%

Functioning devices for solar to fuel conversion

Mul¹,

Schacht²,

Swaaij³

et al. 2012

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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show abstract

“…As a mean to achieve this goal, semiconductor photocatalysts have been extensively studied. In particular, a variety of visible light-active photocatalyts [2][3][4][5][6] including CdS [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] have been studied. In terms of the band gap magnitude and the position of band edges, CdS is ideally suited for photocatalytic water splitting but it is not effective at all unless suitable electron donors (EDs) are present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the preparation method of the ternary CdS/TiO2/Pt hybrid photocatalysts on visible light-induced hydrogen production

2008

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A variety of combinations of CdS, TiO 2 , and Pt in preparing the hybrid catalysts were studied for hydrogen production under visible light (l > 420 nm) irradiation. The preparation method sensitively influenced the activity of the ternary hybrid catalysts. The formation of the potential gradient at the interface between CdS and TiO 2 is necessary in achieving the efficient charge separation and transfer and how the platinum as a cocatalyst is loaded onto the CdS/TiO 2 hybrid catalysts determines the overall hydrogen production efficiency. The common method of photoplatinization of CdS/TiO 2 hybrid [Pt-(CdS/TiO 2 )] was much less efficient than the present method in which Pt was photodeposited on bare TiO 2 , which was followed by the deposition of CdS [CdS/(Pt-TiO 2 )]. The CdS/(Pt-TiO 2 ) has the hydrogen production rate ranging (6-9) Â 10, which is higher by a factor of 3-30 than that of Pt-(CdS/TiO 2 ). The photocatalytic activity of the ternary hybrid catalysts was extremely sensitive to where the platinum is loaded. The photoactivity of the hybrid catalyst was also assessed in terms of the photocurrent collected by the methyl viologen electron shuttle in the catalyst suspension. CdS/(Pt-TiO 2 ) generated higher photocurrents than Pt-(CdS/TiO 2 ) by a factor of 2-7. The extreme sensitivity of the preparation method to the hydrogen production activity should be taken into account when hybrid photocatalysts are designed and prepared.

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“…4,5 The adsorption of various dyes on inorganic NCs has been of great interest in the past. [6][7][8][9] Studies have so far concentrated on surface specificity and related photophysical reactions. Adsorption mechanisms have been analyzed using absorption, infrared, thermal desorption and luminescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue emission from polymer nanocomposites: preparation and application of multicolored luminescent materials

Ôtsuka

Chujo

2011

Polym J

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Blue-emitting luminescent polymer nanocomposites were prepared from 1,3-diketone functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and zirconium oxide nanocrystals (ZrO 2 -NCs). Fourier transform infrared spectra suggested chemisorption of the 1,3-diketone by bidentate chelation of the diketonate anion to the ZrO 2 -NC surface. The ZrO 2 -NCs were well dispersed in the polymer matrix and crosslinked on the NC surfaces. The chemically crosslinked polymer nanocomposites had high photostability compared with the PMMA/ZrO 2 -NC composites with 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanedione. The stability of the luminescence from the polymer nanocomposites was enhanced because the 1,3-diketonate binding sites were fixed between inorganic NCs and polymer chains. The blue emission peaking at 448 nm can be tuned by the addition of 8-hydroxyquinolinecontaining copolymer/ZrO 2 -NC composite, which red-shifted the emission from blue to yellow and green as a function of the blend composition. This strategy, in which the ligand would be immobilized by an organic/inorganic sandwich structure, is suitable for obtaining not only well-stabilized luminescent nanocomposites but also nano-optoelectronics with controlled emission colors.

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Photochemical cleavage of water by photocatalysis

Cited by 383 publications

References 16 publications

Functioning devices for solar to fuel conversion

Functioning devices for solar to fuel conversion

Effects of the preparation method of the ternary CdS/TiO2/Pt hybrid photocatalysts on visible light-induced hydrogen production

Blue emission from polymer nanocomposites: preparation and application of multicolored luminescent materials

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