Photochemical production of hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxides in water extracts of nascent marine aerosols produced by bursting bubbles from Sargasso seawater

Zhou, Xianliang; Davis, Andrew; Kieber, David J.; Keene, W. C.; Maben, J. R.; Maring, Hal; Dahl, Elizabeth E.; Izaguirre, Miguel; Sander, R.; Smoydzyn, L.

doi:10.1029/2008gl035418

Cited by 52 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…45,46 Our experimental conditions were also not designed to capture the chemistry resultant from secondary reaction products due to aging of SSA during ambient outdoor exposure, including inorganic acids (primarily HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , and HCl), 47 oxalic acid 48 and reactive transient species resultant from photochemistry (e.g., H 2 O 2 , peroxy radicals, and halogen radicals). 49,50 This is especially important in the case of finer aerosol which can be transported tens to hundreds of km inland, 51 and due to their longer atmospheric lifetime (hours to days), can exhibit drastically altered chemistry. 52 Although some of these complexities have been demonstrated to have significant impact on the atmospheric corrosion behavior of other alloy systems, 51,[53][54][55][56] their effect on the hygroscopic behavior of SSA as it relates to the corrosion response of mild steel remains a topic for future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Relative Humidity on Corrosion of Steel under Sea Salt Aerosol Proxies

Schindelholz

Risteen

Kelly

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper is the second of two that examines between the hygroscopic behavior of sea salt aerosol proxies and the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel contaminated with them. In this work, artificial seawater (ASW) and MgCl 2 were examined. The wetting and drying behavior of ASW was characterized by impedance measurements across an interdigitated electrode sensor. Steel coupons loaded with ASW and MgCl 2 microparticles were subjected to isohumidity exposures for up to 30 days. The resulting damage was quantified by optical profilometry. The corrosion chemistry that developed was identified using EDS and Raman spectroscopy. Together, the results bring into question whether sea salt-contaminated surfaces ever dry in ambient outdoor environments. Sustained corrosion was detectable down to 11% RH for MgCl 2 and 23% RH for ASW, with significant admittance of ASW deposits at <2% RH after 24 h, likely due to fluid trapping under a solid salt crust. Trends in corrosion loss versus RH were not directly reflective of the major liquid-solid phase transitions observed or predicted for ASW or MgCl 2 alone. In light of this, common time of wetness determination methods are contended to be fundamentally flawed as quantitative indicators of electrolyte presence and the potential for significant corrosion. This paper is the second of two that seek to further the understanding of the relationship between relative humidity, the hygroscopic behavior of soluble salts, and the corrosion response of mild steel surfaces contaminated with them. Part 1 considered NaCl as a proxy for sea salt aerosol (SSA) in order develop an understanding of a single salt system as the basis for examining more challenging and relevant environments.1 This paper extends the single salt work to MgCl 2 , often considered the dominating component of SSA with respect to low humidity (<50% RH) corrosion 2-4 and further extends the work to artificial seawater (ASW), which is representative of the inorganic components of natural seawater. The aims of this study were to: (1) quantitatively characterize the relationship between solid-liquid phase transitions of these salts and the corrosion response of steel contaminated with them in terms of RH, and (2) establish the RH and time frame under which there is sufficient electrolyte to cause corrosion. The understanding developed is used to assess the accuracy and appropriateness of the time of wetness parameter for describing corrosion of SSA-contaminated surfaces. The impact of these results on the design of accelerated test regimes and the interpretation of field exposure data are also discussed.To achieve these objectives, both the hygroscopic behavior of these sea salt proxies and the corrosion behavior associated with them were studied. The hygroscopic behavior of ASW microparticles was characterized using an interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensing method. Major solid-liquid transitions were characterized. The phases associated with these transitions were identified by ex-situ analyses of the dried seawater deposi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Relative Humidity on Corrosion of Steel under Sea Salt Aerosol Proxies

Schindelholz

Risteen

Kelly

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Further, Zhou et al (2008) found evidence that primary organic matter emitted within sea spray is a dominant sink for the OH radical, with its consequent degradation and the likely production of a series of low-molecular weight organic compounds. These can partition into the gas phase and contribute to SOA formation.…”

Section: Secondary Organic Marine Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles

Leeuw

Guieu

Arneth

et al. 2013

Springer Earth System Sciences

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This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on aerosols in the marine atmosphere and the effects of aerosols on climate and on processes in the oceanic surface layer. Aerosol particles in the marine atmosphere originate predominantly from direct production at the sea surface due to the interaction between wind and waves (sea spray aerosol, or SSA) and indirect production by gas to particle conversion. These aerosols are supplemented by aerosols produced over the continents, as well as aerosols emitted by volcanoes and ship traffic, a large part of it being deposited to the ocean surface by dry and wet deposition. The SSA sources, chemical composition and ensuing physical and optical effects, are discussed. An overview is presented of continental sources and their ageing and mixing processes during transport. The current status of our knowledge on effects of marine aerosols on the Earth radiative balance, both direct by their interaction with solar radiation and indirect through their effects on cloud properties, is discussed. The deposition on the ocean surface of some key species, such as nutrients, their bioavailability and how they impact biogeochemical cycles are shown and discussed through different time and space scales approaches.

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“…The organic fraction of SSA particles will affect their size as a function of RH (Ming and Russell, 2001) and therefore their scattering potential (Randles et al, 2004), their ability to act as CCN (Moore et al, 2008) and also their role in atmospheric chemistry (Zhou et al, 2008). The purpose of this study was to investigate and quantify the organic fraction of bubble-chamber-generated accumulation mode SSA using an original, independent and on-line method: the Volatility Hygroscopicity-Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (VH-TDMA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The organic fraction of bubble-generated, accumulation mode Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA)

2010

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Abstract. Recent studies have detected a dominant accumulation mode (∼100 nm) in the Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA) number distribution. There is evidence to suggest that particles in this mode are composed primarily of organics. To investigate this hypothesis we conducted experiments on NaCl, artificial SSA and natural SSA particles with a Volatility-Hygroscopicity-Tandem-DifferentialMobility-Analyser (VH-TDMA). NaCl particles were atomiser generated and a bubble generator was constructed to produce artificial and natural SSA particles. Natural seawater samples for use in the bubble generator were collected from biologically active, terrestrially-affected coastal water in Moreton Bay, Australia. Differences in the VH-TDMAmeasured volatility curves of artificial and natural SSA particles were used to investigate and quantify the organic fraction of natural SSA particles. Hygroscopic Growth Factor (HGF) data, also obtained by the VH-TDMA, were used to confirm the conclusions drawn from the volatility data. Both datasets indicated that the organic fraction of our natural SSA particles evaporated in the VH-TDMA over the temperature range 170-200 • C. The organic volume fraction for 71-77 nm natural SSA particles was 8±6%. Organic volume fraction did not vary significantly with varying water residence time (40 s to 24 h) in the bubble generator or SSA particle diameter in the range 38-173 nm. At room temperature we measured shape-and Kelvin-corrected HGF at 90% RH of 2.46±0.02 for NaCl, 2.35±0.02 for artifical SSA and 2.26±0.02 for natural SSA particles. Overall, these results suggest that the natural accumulation mode SSA particles produced in these experiments contained only a minor organic fraction, which had little effect on hygroscopic growth. Our measurement Correspondence to: Z. D. Ristovski (z.ristovski@qut.edu.au) of 8±6% is an order of magnitude below two previous measurements of the organic fraction in SSA particles of comparable sizes. We stress that our results were obtained using coastal seawater and they can't necessarily be applied on a regional or global ocean scale. Nevertheless, considering the order of magnitude discrepancy between this and previous studies, further research with independent measurement techniques and a variety of different seawaters is required to better quantify how much organic material is present in accumulation mode SSA.

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Photochemical production of hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxides in water extracts of nascent marine aerosols produced by bursting bubbles from Sargasso seawater

Cited by 52 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Relative Humidity on Corrosion of Steel under Sea Salt Aerosol Proxies

Effect of Relative Humidity on Corrosion of Steel under Sea Salt Aerosol Proxies

Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles

The organic fraction of bubble-generated, accumulation mode Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA)

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