“…Phosphonates such as 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) [14], amino (trimethylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP) [15], ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP) [16], diethylenetriaminepentakis (methylenephosphonic acid) (DTPMP) [17], and2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4 tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) [18] contain one or more R 3 C-P(O)(OH) 2 group/s instead of an R 3 C-O-P(O)(OH) 2 group. Phosphonates possess a number of superior qualities, including high chemical stability under extreme pH and temperature, ability to complex metals, ability to adsorb strongly onto a metal surface, as well as dispersant activity against suspended matter.…”