Photodynamic and photothermal therapies for bacterial infection treatment

Abstract

Bacteria can cause numerous infectious diseases and has been a major threat to human humans. Although antibiotics have partially succeeded in treating bacteria, owing to antibiotic abuse, the emergence of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria has drastically diminished their potency. Since the invention of laser, the combination of light and photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy (PDT), has become an effective noninvasive treatment along with photothermal therapy (PTT), in which heat is generated by nonradiative relaxation. Antimicrobial PDT and PTT are emerging as effective treatments for bacterial infection, particularly against MDR bacteria. This mini review covers the recent progresses in PDT and PTT for bacterial treatment.

Smart chiral liquid crystal elastomers: Design, properties and application

“…Recent developments could make it possible to employ new methods when creating substrates for stretchable electronics [108] . Researchers have also begun to explore other preparation strategies to enrich the functions and applications of chiral liquid crystal elastomers, such as using spinning technology to produce CLCE fibers, [106] fabricating CLC droplets via glass‐capillary‐based microfluidic technologies, [115,116] or preparing composite materials by doping gold nanorods, ionic liquid, graphene, liquid metals, and MXene to give them more functional properties [117–120] . Moreover, many achiral or chiral luminescent materials have been widely used as emitters to construct CPL‐active materials based on chiral liquid crystal elastomers, such as organic fluorescence molecules, luminogens with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property, [121] carbon dots (CDots), [122] quantum rods (QRs), [123] conjugated polymers, [124] semiconductor quantum nanocrystals, [125] and inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (PKNCs) [126] .…”

Injectable and self-healable nano-architectured hydrogel for NIR-light responsive chemo- and photothermal bacterial eradication

“…3 A cutting-edge non-invasive therapeutic approach known as photo-thermal therapy (PTT) has emerged, demonstrating remarkable potential in conferring antibacterial attributes through photo-thermal agents. 12,13 Hydrogels gained popularity in this field due to their oxygen permeability capacity, wound exudate absorption, and moisture retention properties. Generally, hydrogels can be prepared by the physical or chemical cross-linking process.…”

“…3 A cutting-edge non-invasive therapeutic approach known as photo-thermal therapy (PTT) has emerged, demonstrating remarkable potential in conferring antibacterial attributes through photo-thermal agents. 12,13…”

Charge Transfer-Promoted Excited State of a Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer for Efficient Application of Mitochondria-Targeted Fluorescence Imaging and Hypoxia Photodynamic Therapy

“…This results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent induction of cell death in the type I and/or II pathway. 3,4 In the type I pathway, electron transfer and/or hydrogen abstraction occur between PSs and substrates, generating free radicals with very short lifetimes (approximately 1 ns). These radicals immediately react with molecules like water and oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anions (O 2…”