Photodynamic inactivation of influenza virus as a potential alternative for the control of respiratory tract infections

Aroso, Rafael T.; Piccirillo, Giusi; Arnaut, Zoe A.; Gonzalez, Andreia C.S.; Rodrigues, Fábio M. S.; Pereira, Mariette M.

doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100043

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Viral inactivation of tissues and organs could be accomplished by low energy lasers or fs lasers. It is believed that injection or inhalation of nontoxic nebulized photosensitizers into the lungs and the delivery of appropriate light irradiation into deep organs may be practical to kill respiratory viruses such as Influenza [ 116 ]. Another alternative to virus inactivation in infected organs could be an innovative combination of normothermic ex vivo perfusion and light-based inactivation using infected human lungs.…”

Section: Approaches Of Selective Virus Inactivation Using Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral inactivation by light

Sadraeian

Zhang

Aavani

et al. 2022

eLight

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Nowadays, viral infections are one of the greatest challenges for medical sciences and human society. While antiviral compounds and chemical inactivation remain inadequate, physical approaches based on irradiation provide new potentials for prevention and treatment of viral infections, without the risk of drug resistance and other unwanted side effects. Light across the electromagnetic spectrum can inactivate the virions using ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. This review highlights the anti-viral utility of radiant methods from the aspects of ionizing radiation, including high energy ultraviolet, gamma ray, X-ray, and neutron, and non-ionizing photo-inactivation, including lasers and blue light.

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Section: Approaches Of Selective Virus Inactivation Using Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral inactivation by light

Sadraeian

Zhang

Aavani

et al. 2022

eLight

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“…This is a critically important advantage of this treatment approach. Moreover, there is potential to address many other pathogens contracted via the nasal and oral mucosa, including influenza, the common cold, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus infections and possibly pox viruses, using these combined protocols [ 108 , 109 , 110 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach of Combining Methylene Blue Photodynamic Inactivation, Photobiomodulation and Oral Ingested Methylene Blue in COVID-19 Management: A Pilot Clinical Study with 12-Month Follow-Up

et al. 2022

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus was first recognized in late 2019 and remains a significant threat. We therefore assessed the use of local methylene blue photodynamic viral inactivation (MB-PDI) in the oral and nasal cavities, in combination with the systemic anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of orally ingested methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM) for COVID-19 disease. The proposed protocol leverages the separate and combined effects of MB and 660nm red light emitted diode (LED) to comprehensively address the pathophysiological sequelae of COVID-19. A total of eight pilot subjects with COVID-19 disease were treated in the Bahamas over the period June 2021–August 2021, using a remote care program that was developed for this purpose. Although not a pre-requisite for inclusion, none of the subjects had received any COVID-19 vaccination prior to commencing the study. Clinical outcome assessment tools included serial cycle threshold measurements as a surrogate estimate of viral load; serial online questionnaires to document symptom response and adverse effects; and a one-year follow-up survey to assess long-term outcomes. All subjects received MB-PDI to target the main sites of viral entry in the nose and mouth. This was the central component of the treatment protocol with the addition of orally ingested MB and/or PBM based on clinical requirements. The mucosal surfaces were irradiated with 660 nm LED in a continuous emission mode at energy density of 49 J/cm2 for PDI and 4.9 J/cm2 for PBM. Although our pilot subjects had significant co-morbidities, extremely high viral loads and moderately severe symptoms during the Delta phase of the pandemic, the response to treatment was highly encouraging. Rapid reductions in viral loads were observed and negative PCR tests were documented within a median of 4 days. These laboratory findings occurred in parallel with significant clinical improvement, mostly within 12–24 h of commencing the treatment protocol. There were no significant adverse effects and none of the subjects who completed the protocol required in-patient hospitalization. The outcomes were similarly encouraging at one-year follow-up with virtual absence of “long COVID” symptoms or of COVID-19 re-infection. Our results indicate that the protocols may be a safe and promising approach to challenging COVID-19 disease. Moreover, due its broad spectrum of activity, this approach has the potential to address the prevailing and future COVID-19 variants and other infections transmitted via the upper respiratory tract. Extensive studies with a large cohort are warranted to validate our results.

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“…It was emphasized that PDDI is a good candidate for treating COVID-19 because SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus and these viruses are most sensitive to PDDI. Additionally, the use of light to treat airway related infections is relatively common [ 281 ]. In view of the recently published reviews on PDDI of viruses and of the tremendous global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, below we focus only on PDDI of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic disinfection and its role in controlling infectious diseases

Aroso

Schaberle

Arnaut

et al. 2021

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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Photodynamic therapy is witnessing a revival of its origins as a response to the rise of multi-drug resistant infections and the shortage of new classes of antibiotics. Photodynamic disinfection (PDDI) of microorganisms is making progresses in preclinical models and in clinical cases, and the perception of its role in the clinical armamentarium for the management of infectious diseases is changing. We review the positioning of PDDI from the perspective of its ability to respond to clinical needs. Emphasis is placed on the pipeline of photosensitizers that proved effective to inactivate biofilms, showed efficacy in animal models of infectious diseases or reached clinical trials. Novel opportunities resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic are briefly discussed. The molecular features of promising photosensitizers are emphasized and contrasted with those of photosensitizers used in the treatment of solid tumors. The development of photosensitizers has been accompanied by the fabrication of a variety of affordable and customizable light sources. We critically discuss the combination between photosensitizer and light source properties that may leverage PDDI and expand its applications to wider markets. The success of PDDI in the management of infectious diseases will ultimately depend on the efficacy of photosensitizers, affordability of the light sources, simplicity of the procedures, and availability of fast and efficient treatments. Graphic abstract

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Photodynamic inactivation of influenza virus as a potential alternative for the control of respiratory tract infections

Cited by 7 publications

References 91 publications

Viral inactivation by light

Viral inactivation by light

A Novel Approach of Combining Methylene Blue Photodynamic Inactivation, Photobiomodulation and Oral Ingested Methylene Blue in COVID-19 Management: A Pilot Clinical Study with 12-Month Follow-Up

Photodynamic disinfection and its role in controlling infectious diseases

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