“…The thermal evaporation method is a process in which the coating material is heated under high vacuum conditions to evaporate and deposit onto the substrate surface, forming a This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 thin film. [67][68][69] M. M. El-Nahass et al used the thermal evaporation method to prepare Ag 2 S thin films with a monoclinic phase structure, suitable stoichiometry, and good crystallinity under the following conditions: a temperature of 300 K, a vacuum pressure of 10 À4 Pa, and a deposition rate of 2.5 nm s À1 . Additionally, the oscillator energy (E 0 ), dispersion energy (E d ), film bandgap, and relevant phonon energy of the Ag 2 S thin film were measured to be 5 eV, 32.5 eV, 0.93 eV, and 0.05 eV, respectively.…”