“…Most of the materials used for photo-electrocatalytic degradation of pollutants are titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO). − TiO 2 and ZnO are considered as semiconductors with a wide band gap ( E g = 3.2 and 3.4 eV for TiO 2 anatase and ZnO, respectively). Titanium dioxide remains one of the most promising materials due to its high oxidation efficiency, nontoxicity, high photostability, chemical inertness, and environmentally friendly nature. ,, Another advantage of TiO 2 is its low cost, owing to the abundance of Ti (0.44% of Earth’s crust). , With worldwide reserves in excess of 600 million tons, the annual production of Ti metal is approximately 90 000 tons and the annual production of TiO 2 is around 4.3 million tons .…”