Photoinitiators and photoinitiation, 1. Vinyl polymerization photoinitiated by benzoin methyl ether.

Hageman, Hendrik J.; Maeden, F. P. B. Van Der; Janssen, Petrus C. G. M.

doi:10.1002/macp.1979.021801031

Cited by 46 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…197−210 These works well elucidated that α-cleavage of benzoin derivatives is the primary photochemical process, generating a benzoyl radical and a benzyl ether radical. It has been proven that both types of radicals are active toward MMA polymerization, 201−203 whereas only the benzoyl radical is capable of initiating the polymerization of St. 206 In the earlier days, Melville and co-workers undertook the first attempt at a systematic kinetic study of benzoin-involved polymerization of VA and MAA monomers. 211 Later on, the same group extended their study to photopolymerization of MMA, St, MA, and BA from the point of kinetics.…”

Section: Photochemically Initiated Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…219 Additionally, both benzoyl and benzyl ether radicals are capable of initiating polymerization at high temperature, low intensity, and/or high monomer concentration, which is an important supplementary finding to the benzoin-initiated polymerization investigated before. 206 As an extension, benzoin is preferentially selected for the pulse-laser initiated polymerization for evaluating various kinetic coefficients of FRP considering its excellent photochemical reactivity. 220−227 After decades of development, there are plentiful type I photoinitiators being designed and synthesized, but their mechanism and kinetics behave in the same way as benzoin.…”

Section: Photochemically Initiated Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics

et al. 2020

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The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.

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Section: Photochemically Initiated Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photochemically Initiated Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics

et al. 2020

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“…Mechanistic studies reported by various researchers [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] show that the benzoin ethers undergo photoinduced a-cleavage into a benzoyl radical and a substituted benzyl radical [reaction (I)]. Mechanistic studies reported by various researchers [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] show that the benzoin ethers undergo photoinduced a-cleavage into a benzoyl radical and a substituted benzyl radical [reaction (I)].…”

Section: Free Radical Photopolymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerization: A Review

Kaur

Srivastava

2002

Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews

128

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“…This may explain the r d t s reported by Hageman and his co-workers. 8 Since only low styrene concentrations were used in their study, the benzyl ether radical had no chance to react with the styrene and instead terminated the chains by combination with chain radicals. The present results show that the initial rates of polymerization follow the ideal rate law at low intensity and high styrene concentration, particularly at high temperature.…”

Section: R = Kik/ki[m]2 (4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics and mechanism of the benzoin isobutyl ether photoinitiated polymerization of styrene

Lipscomb¹,

Tarshiani²

1988

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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SynopsisThe kinetic3 of the photopolymerization of styrene in bulk and in dilute systems in the presence of benzoin isobutyl ether as photoinitiator have been examined. The values of the intensity exponent, calculated at different temperatures or at different styrene concentrations, and the monomer exponent, calculated at various intensities, showed significant departure from those predicted by the ideal kinetic scheme, particularly at high intensity, at low temperature, or at low styrene concentrations. Low molecular weight polymer was the dominant product when high light intensity or low polymerization temperature was used. As the temperature was raised, however, or as the intensity was reduced, a high molecular weight polymer became progressively more important. Kinetic and molecular weight data suggest that at low temperature, high intensity, and/or at low monomer concentration, the benzoyl radical is the dominant initiating species; and the benzyl ether radical was consumed mainly in the termination step. At low intensity, high temperature and/or high monomer concentration, however, it appears that both benzoyl and benzyl ether radicals initiated polymerization.

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Photoinitiators and photoinitiation, 1. Vinyl polymerization photoinitiated by benzoin methyl ether.

Cited by 46 publications

References 9 publications

Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics

Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics

Photopolymerization: A Review

Kinetics and mechanism of the benzoin isobutyl ether photoinitiated polymerization of styrene

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