Photolysis of β-blockers in environmental waters

Occurrence, ecotoxicological effects and risk assessment of antihypertensive pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment - A review

“…Those authors also hypothesized that, in addition to the high hydrolytic stability of these beta-blockers, their relatively limited immobilization in natural soils and/or sediments may cause them to accumulate in the aquatic environment. Moreover, atenolol has been shown to be photochemically stable in environmental conditions during 50 h, whereas metoprolol and bisoprolol presented half-lives of up to, respectively, 48 and 70 h in STP water under ultraviolet radiation (Piram et al, 2008). Likewise, the beta-blocker sotalol presents a relatively high persistence in the aquatic environment because of its slightly biodegradation and hydrolysis potentials (Feiner et al, 2014).…”

“…Other reasons for the high frequency of detection of these contaminants in aquatic environments are the incomplete removal during passage through sewage treatment plants (STP) (Ternes, 1998;Bayer et al, 2014) and the relatively high persistence in water matrices presented by some of them (Piram et al, 2008;Maszkowska et al, 2014a).…”

Photocatalytic degradation of metoprolol tartrate in suspensions of two TiO2-based photocatalysts with different surface area. Identification of intermediates and proposal of degradation pathways

“…MET is characterized by an increasing use in recent years and, as a consequence, its occurrence in aqueous effluents is expected to increase as well [14,15]. MET shows slow direct phototransformation and/or hydrolysis [16,17]. An efficient way to deal with this problem is the degradation of the drug by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on the formation of hydroxy (…”

Hybrid nanoadsorbents for the magnetically assisted removal of metoprolol from water

“…MTP is one of the most frequently detected beta blocker in surface waters and shows highly resistance to hydrolysis [3]. Although ecotoxicity data are not fully available, beta-blockers can adversely affect aquatic organisms, even at low concentrations [5]. Moreover poisoning with beta-blockers results in cardiovascular and neurological effects [6].…”