Photon counting at telecom wavelengths with commercial InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes: current performance

Ribordy, G.; Gisin, Nicolas; Guinnard, Olivier; Stucki, Damien; Wegmüller, M.; Zbinden, Hugo

doi:10.1080/09500340410001677094

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…We will focus on systems employing avalanche photodiodes (APDs) in the Geiger mode, as is the case in many QKD systems [18,19], and all commercially available realizations (see footnotes 8 and 9). Furthermore, we assume that the APDs are gated, i.e.…”

Section: Detectors In Clavis2mentioning

confidence: 99%

After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem

et al. 2011

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We present a method to control the detection events in quantum key distribution systems that use gated single-photon detectors. We employ bright pulses as faked states, timed to arrive at the avalanche photodiodes outside the activation time. The attack can remain unnoticed, since the faked states do not increase the error rate per se. This allows for an intercept-resend attack, where an eavesdropper transfers her detection events to the legitimate receiver without causing any errors. As a side effect, afterpulses, originating from accumulated charge carriers in the detectors, increase the error rate. We have experimentally tested detectors of the system id3110 (Clavis2) from ID Quantique. We identify the parameter regime in which the attack is feasible despite the side effect. Furthermore, we outline how simple modifications in the implementation can make the device immune to this attack.

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Section: Detectors In Clavis2mentioning

confidence: 99%

After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem

et al. 2011

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“…The after pulse probability results from the trapping of charge carriers during an avalanche or due to photons impinging outside the gate [23]. We will assume that this probability depends on the arrival time before the gate as (24) where is a characteristic constant of the detector, and is the difference between the time arrival of the reference pulse and the next data gate opening .…”

Section: After Pulse Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We will assume that this probability depends on the arrival time before the gate as (24) where is a characteristic constant of the detector, and is the difference between the time arrival of the reference pulse and the next data gate opening . Using the experimental data presented in [23] we have found the following value for the characteristic constant of the detector s.…”

Section: After Pulse Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to account for the pulse broadening due to chromatic dispersion, we should replace in (21) by (22) where is the dispersion length [13]. Assuming, for instance, that data pulse is removed, then the total number of counts on the quantum data detector due to reference pulse leakage is given by (23) where is the click probability, and is given by (19). Fig.…”

Section: Cross-talk Between Reference and Data Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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QBER Estimation in QKD Systems With Polarization Encoding

Muga

Ferreira

Pinto

2011

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-A model for quantum BER estimation in polarization encoded quantum key distribution systems is presented. Both TDM and WDM based polarization control schemes are analyzed. It is shown that TDM presents some important advantages when compared with the WDM control scheme. In WDM, the polarization decorrelation between the reference and data signals is an intrinsic and very limitative impairment. This effect has a contribution to quantum BER that increases with the propagation distance, and is highly dependent on the fiber polarization mode dispersion. In the TDM control scheme, the polarization decorrelation is less critical and other issues, like the single photon detector and feedback polarization control system performance tend to dominate. We show that for long distances the fiber losses represent the main contribution to the total quantum BER. Nevertheless, for distances shorter than 70 km and frequencies higher than 5 MHz the after pulse detections provide an important contribution to the total quantum BER.Index Terms-Optical fiber communication, optical fiber polarization, quantum communication.

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“…S INGLE-PHOTON detection at infrared wavelengths has gained relevance in recent years due to its central role in quantum communications [1], eye-safe laser detection and ranging (LIDAR) [2], optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) [3], and in semiconductor failure analysis [4]. IR single-photon detectors should ideally operate at high frequencies (tens to hundreds of megahertz), consume minimal power (<1 nW/bit), operate reliably at noncryogenic temperatures over many cycles, and be manufacturable at a low cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Hot-Carrier Luminescence for Infrared Single-Photon Upconversion and Readout

Finkelstein

Groß

et al. 2007

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We propose and analyze a new method for singlephoton wavelength up-conversion using optical coupling between a primary infrared (IR) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) silicon SPAD, which are fused through a silicon dioxide passivation layer. A primary IR photon induces an avalanche in the IR SPAD. The photons produced by hot-carrier recombination are subsequently sensed by the silicon SPAD, thus, allowing for on-die data processing. Because the devices are fused through their passivation layers, lattice mismatch issues between the semiconductor materials are avoided. We develop a model for calculating the conversion efficiency of the device, and use realistic device parameters to estimate up to 97% upconversion efficiency and 33% system efficiency, limited by the IR detector alone. The new scheme offers a low-cost means to manufacture dense IR-SPAD arrays, while significantly reducing their afterpulsing. We show that this high-speed compact method for upconverting IR photons is feasible and efficient.Index Terms-Avalanche photodiodes, single photon detectors, wavelength upconversion.

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Photon counting at telecom wavelengths with commercial InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes: current performance

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem

After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem

QBER Estimation in QKD Systems With Polarization Encoding

Analysis of Hot-Carrier Luminescence for Infrared Single-Photon Upconversion and Readout

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