Photon counting for spectrophotometry

Malmstadt, H. V.; Franklin, Michael L.; Horlick, Gary

doi:10.1021/ac60316a035

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As Tomas Hirschfeld pointed out, “fluctuations arising from the stochastic variations in the number of sample particles within the sampling volume” are a basic, fundamental limit to quantitative analysis . By analogy with shot noise in photon counting experiments, the uncertainty in the amount of analyte detected is equal to the square root of the number of molecules assayed; we call this uncertainty molecular shot noise. Molecular shot noise becomes important when very small volumes of dilute solutions are prepared for analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Molecule Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis: Molecular Shot Noise as a Fundamental Limit to Chemical Analysis

1996

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Capillary electrophoresis is coupled with a single molecule detector based on laser-induced fluorescence. Individual molecules migrating from the capillary are detected and counted with 50% efficiency. Injection of 30 000 analyte molecules generates a reproducible peak consisting of at least five components. However, injection of 3000 or fewer molecules leads to a noisy and irreproducible peak. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that this irreproducibility results from molecular shot noise or stochastic fluctuations in the number of injected molecules. The model predicts that the relative standard deviations of peak area, peak center, and peak width are inversely proportional to the square root of the number of injected molecules. At least 104 analyte molecules (17 zmol) are required to define peak area and width with 1% relative precision. Fluctuation in the number of molecules taken for chemical analysis is a fundamental and irreducible source of uncertainty.

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confidence: 99%

Single-Molecule Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis: Molecular Shot Noise as a Fundamental Limit to Chemical Analysis

1996

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“…The microplate reader consists of six major parts [7,8]: LEDs and deuterium lamp excitation light sources, collimation and focusing optics, photon-counting channel photomultiplier detection system [9,10], power supply, control circuit, photodiode and a microplate mechanical transport system for 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 384-well microplate measurements. The top and bottom fluorescence intensity measurement modes are depicted schematically in figure 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of LEDs-based microplate reader for bioanalytical assay measurements

Alaruri¹,

Katzlinger²,

Schinwald³

et al. 2013

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The optical design for an LEDs-based microplate reader that can perform fluorescence intensity (top and bottom), absorbance, luminescence and time-resolved fluorescence measurements is described. The microplate reader is the first microplate reader in the marketplace that incorporates LEDs as excitation light sources. Absorbance measurements over the 0–3.5 optical density range for caffeine solution are presented. Additionally, fluorescence intensity readings collected at 535 and 625 nm from a green and a red RediPlateTM are reported. Furthermore, fluorescence decay lifetime measurements obtained for Eu (europium) and Sm (samarium) standard solutions using 370 nm excitation are presented. The microplate reader detection limits for the fluorescence intensity top, fluorescence intensity bottom, fluorescence polarization and time-resolved fluorescence modes are 1.5 fmol 100 µL−1 fluorescein (384-well plate), 25 fmol 100 µL−1 fluorescein (384-well plate), 5 mP at 10 nM fluorescein (black 384-well plate) and 30 amol 100 µL−1 europium solution (white 384-well plate), respectively.

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Chemiluminescence

Vo‐Dinh

2003

Digital Encyclopedia of Applied Physics

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Photon counting for spectrophotometry

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Single-Molecule Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis: Molecular Shot Noise as a Fundamental Limit to Chemical Analysis

Single-Molecule Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis: Molecular Shot Noise as a Fundamental Limit to Chemical Analysis

Development of LEDs-based microplate reader for bioanalytical assay measurements

Chemiluminescence

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