Photonic Weyl point in a two-dimensional resonator lattice with a synthetic frequency dimension

Lin, Qiang; Xiao, Meng; Yuan, Luqi; Fan, Shanhui

doi:10.1038/ncomms13731

Cited by 216 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The ultralow loss, high optical confinement and tight bending radius combined with the ability to integrate microwave electrodes [7] will bring electro-optic [2,7] nonlinear optical [4] systems into a new design parameter space that has been inaccessible so far. This could enable a wide range of applications including those in ultralow loss quantum photonics [9] ,coherent microwave to optical conversion [10,11] and active topological photonics [12]. We emphasize that the LN device layer sits atop a standard silicon handle wafer and therefore our platform can also be integrated with many existing photonic technologies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator

Zhang¹,

Wang²,

Cheng³

et al. 2017

Optica

733

430

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We demonstrate an ultralow loss monolithic integrated lithium niobate photonic platform consisting of dry-etched subwavelength waveguides. We show microring resonators with a quality factor of 10 7 and waveguides with propagation loss as low as 2.7 dB/m.Lithium niobate (LN) is a material with wide range of applications in optical and microwave technologies, owing to its unique properties that include large second order nonlinear susceptibility (χ (2) = 30 pm/V), large piezoelectric response (C 33 ∼ 250 C/m 2 ), wide optical transparency window (350 nm − 5 µm) and high refractive index (∼ 2.2) [1]. Conventional LN components, including fiber-optic modulators and periodically poled frequency converters have been the workhorse of the optoelectronic industry. The performances of these components have the potential to be dramatically improved as optical waveguides in bulk LN crystals are defined by ion-diffusion or proton-exchange methods which result in low index contrast and weak optical confinement. Integrated LN platform, featuring sub-wavelength scale light confinement and dense integration of optical and electrical components, has the potential to revolutionize optical communication and microwave photonics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].The major road-block for practical applications of integrated LN photonics is the difficulty of fabricating devices that simultaneously achieve low optical propagation loss and high confinement. Recently developed thin-film LN-on-insulator technology makes this possible, and has resulted in the development of two complementary approaches to define nanoscale optical waveguides: hybrid and monolithic. The hybrid approach integrates an easyto-etch material (e.g. silicon or silicon nitride) with LN thin films to guide light [2-4] with a relatively low propagation loss (0.3 dB/cm) [4]. However, the resulting optical modes only partially reside in the active material region (i.e. LN), reducing the nonlinear interaction efficiency. The monolithic approach relies on direct etching of LN to achieve high optical confinement in the active region, but has suffered from a relatively high propagation loss. While freestanding LN microdisk resonators have achieved optical quality factors (Q) of ∼ 10 6 [5, 6], integrated microring resonators typically feature Q ∼ 10 5 with waveguide propagation loss on the order of 3 dB/cm [7]. Since LN is perceived as a difficult-to-etch material, it is commonly accepted that low-loss propagation in a monolithic waveguide is not possible, and that therefore it is not the most promising path forward.Here we challenge the status quo and show that subwavelength scale lithium niobate waveguides can be fabricated with a propagation loss as low as 2.7 ± 0.3 dB/m through an optimized etching process. We also demonstrate ultra-high Q factor optical cavities with intrinsic Q = 10 7 . We fabricate waveguide coupled microring and racetrack resonators with a bending radius r = 80 µm, and various straight arm lengths l and waveguide widths w (Fig. 1). The optical modes in these reso...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator

Zhang¹,

Wang²,

Cheng³

et al. 2017

Optica

733

430

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While this observation is at the basis of some of the work mentioned above, the role of this extra emergent dimension remains little utilized, with notable exceptions. This exact logic was used to make an array of optical oscillators into a 1D Thouless pump [24] and an array of two-dimensional (2D) oscillators into possessing Weyl points [25], and it even led to proposals for creating four-dimensional (4D) Hall phases using driven three-dimensional (3D) arrays of resonators [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topological Frequency Conversion in Strongly Driven Quantum Systems

2017

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When a physical system is subjected to a strong external multifrequency drive, its dynamics can be conveniently represented in the multidimensional Floquet lattice. The number of Floquet lattice dimensions equals the number of irrationally-related drive frequencies, and the evolution occurs in response to a built-in effective "electric" field, whose components are proportional to the corresponding drive frequencies. The mapping allows us to engineer and study temporal analogs of many real-space phenomena. Here, we focus on the specific example of a two-level system under a two-frequency drive that induces topologically nontrivial band structure in the 2D Floquet space. The observable consequence of such a construction is the quantized pumping of energy between the sources with frequencies ω 1 and ω 2 . When the system is initialized into a Floquet band with the Chern number C, the pumping occurs at a rate P 12 ¼ −P 21 ¼ ðC=2πÞℏω 1 ω 2 , an exact counterpart of the transverse current in a conventional topological insulator.

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“…In previous works [13][14][15][16], it was also noted that the phase of the modulation corresponds to a gauge potential in the synthetic space. In this section, as the main illustration of the paper, we show that one can combine these two ideas to realize the Haldane model using only three resonators.…”

Section: Realization Of the Haldane Model In The Two-dimensionalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We show that a choice of modulation format that is different from Ref. [13][14][15][16] can enable us to use a single ring to explore physics at arbitrary dimensions. And moreover, the phase degrees of freedom in the modulation naturally lead to a photonic gauge potential and associated non-trivial topology in such higher dimensional synthetic dimension [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthetic space with arbitrary dimensions in a few rings undergoing dynamic modulation

et al. 2018

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We show that a single ring resonator undergoing dynamic modulation can be used to create a synthetic space with an arbitrary dimension. In such a system the phases of the modulation can be used to create a photonic gauge potential in high dimensions. As an illustration of the implication of this concept, we show that the Haldane model, which exhibits non-trivial topology in two dimensions, can be implemented in the synthetic space using three rings. Our results point to a route towards exploring higher-dimensional topological physics in low-dimensional physical structures. The dynamics of photons in such synthetic spaces also provides a mechanism to control the spectrum of light.

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Photonic Weyl point in a two-dimensional resonator lattice with a synthetic frequency dimension

Cited by 216 publications

References 49 publications

Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator

Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator

Topological Frequency Conversion in Strongly Driven Quantum Systems

Synthetic space with arbitrary dimensions in a few rings undergoing dynamic modulation

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