“…Many research groups have investigated the possibility of incorporating optically responsive azobenzene chromophores into the versatile PEM structures (examples presented in Fig. 1.8), including Advincula (Advincula et al, 2001(Advincula et al, , 2003Advincula, 2002;Ishikawa et al, 2002), Kumar and Tripathy (Lee et al, 2000;Balasubramanian et al, 1998), Tieke (Ziegler et al, 2002;Toutianoush et al, 1999;Toutianoush and Tieke, 1998;;Saremi and Tieke, 1998) Heflin (Van Cott et al, 2002), and Barrett . In some cases, copolymers are synthesized, where some of the repeat units are charged groups and some are azo chromophores (Suzuki et al, 2003;Wu et al, 2001a).…”