Photochemical radical initiation is a powerful tool for studying radical initiation and transport in biology. Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs), which catalyze the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides in all organisms, are an exemplar of radical mediated transformations in biology. Class Ia RNRs are composed of two subunits: α2 and β2. As a method to initiate radical formation photochemically within β2, a single surface-exposed cysteine of the β2 subunit of Escherichia coli Class Ia RNR has been labeled (98%) with a photooxidant ( Re tricarbonyl 1,10-phenanthroline methylpyridyl rhenium I ). The labeling was achieved by incubation of S355C-β2 with the 4-(bromomethyl) pyridyl derivative of [Re] to yield the labeled species, [Re]-S355C-β2. Steady-state and time-resolved emission experiments reveal that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited-state 3 Re is not significantly perturbed after bioconjugation and is available as a phototrigger of tyrosine radical at position 356 in the β2 subunit; transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the radical lives for microseconds. The work described herein provides a platform for photochemical radical initiation and study of protoncoupled electron transfer (PCET) in the β2 subunit of RNR, from which radical initiation and transport for this enzyme originates.proton-coupled electron transfer | radical generation | radical transport T he initiation and transport of many amino acid radicals occurs by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) (1-4). Accordingly, the importance of radicals in biological function (5) provides an imperative for the description of PCET in natural systems whose functions derive from radical-based chemistry (6). The PCET activity of amino acid radicals originates from the dependence of the reduction potential on the pK a of the amino acid in its oxidized and reduced states as well as the intrinsic redox potentials of the amino acid in its protonated and deprotonated states, and its association with hydrogen bonded partners as has been shown in proteins (7,8), β-hairpin peptides with interstrand dipolar contacts (9,10), and other de novo designed protein maquettes (11).Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential enzymes of all organisms (12) that demonstrate exquisite control of radical transport for their function (13). RNRs catalyze the conversion of nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) to deoxynucleoside diphosphates (dNDPs) and are therefore largely responsible for maintaining the cellular pool of monomeric DNA precursors. E. coli class Ia RNR consists of two homodimeric subunits, α2 and β2 (14,15). The α2 subunit contains the enzyme active site as well as two allosteric regulation sites, whereas β2 contains a diferric tyrosyl cofactor (•Y122), which is where the radical resides in the resting state of RNR. Nucleoside reduction requires formation of an α2∶β2 complex. Substrate turnover occurs by a radical mechanism mediated by an active site cysteine thiyl radical in α2 (•C439). A docking model (Fig. S1) based on crystal structure...