Photopolymerization of Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil: A Photocalorimetry-Based Kinetic Study

Kousaalya, Adhimoolam Bakthavachalam; Ayalew, Beshah; Pilla, Srikanth

doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b02680

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the gel-point time ( t GP ), the time to reach R p,max , decreased from 7.0 to 3.3 s, and the gel-point conversion ( DBC GP ), the conversion at R p,max , increased from 10.9% to 12.3%. These observations showed higher photo-activity leading to faster photopolymerization for UrDMA at elevated temperatures, which is in agreement with previous reports on multifunctional monomers [ 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. The increase in R p,max values by raising the temperature can also be explained according to Arrhenius’ law (Equation (4)) [ 31 ]:

where k is the overall photopolymerization rate constant equal to the propagation rate constant ( k p ) at low conversions, E a is the activation energy, A is the frequency factor, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Photo-Curing Kinetics of 3D-Printing Photo-Inks Based on Urethane-Acrylates

et al. 2022

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In this study, photo-curing kinetics for urethane-acrylate-based photo-inks for 3D printing were evaluated using a photo-differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Initially, the photopolymerization kinetics of di- and monofunctional monomers were separately studied at different temperatures (5–85 °C). Later, the photo-curing kinetics and mechanical properties of photo-inks based on different monomer mixtures (40/60–20/80) were evaluated. The results showed that urethane-dimethacrylate (UrDMA) and urethane-acrylate (UrA) had no light absorption in the region of 280–700 nm, making them a proper crosslinker and a reactive diluent, respectively, for the formulation of 3D-printing photo-inks. The kinetics investigations showed a temperature dependency for the photo-curing of UrDMA, where a higher photopolymerization rate (Rp,max: from 5.25 × 10−2 to 8.42 × 10−2 1/s) and double-bound conversion (DBCtotal: from 63.8% to 92.2%) were observed at elevated temperatures (5–85 °C), while the photo-curing of UrA was independent of the temperature (25–85 °C). Enhancing the UrA content from 60% to 80% in the UrDMA/UrA mixtures initially increased and later decreased the photopolymerization rate and conversion, where the mixtures of 30/70 and 25/75 presented the highest values. Meanwhile, increasing the UrA content led to lower glass transition temperatures (Tg) and mechanical strength for the photo-cured samples, where the mixture of 30/70 presented the highest maximum elongation (εmax: 73%).

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Photo-Curing Kinetics of 3D-Printing Photo-Inks Based on Urethane-Acrylates

et al. 2022

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“…The radiation of UV laser at higher frequencies resulted in higher heat generation and thereby raising the temperature of the AESO sample during curing. This increase in temperature augmented the reaction rate and enhanced the photo‐curing ability between Irgacure 819 and AESO resin, which remained non‐reactive under lower temperatures and lower pulse frequencies 28 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D printed stereolithography printed plant‐based sustainable polymers: Preliminary investigation and optimization

Danish

Anirudh

Rajamohan

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The increasing demand for applying shape memory polymer to tissue culture and biomedical engineering has opened up research opportunities in the field of 4D Printing. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds as a culture medium resulted in the use of plant‐based polymers to provide an ambient environment for the growth of cells. This research investigates the 4D printing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), a plant‐based shape polymer. The objective of the present work is to establish the relationship between the 4D printing parameters (laser power frequency and print speed) and different properties of the printed material viz. tensile stress, surface roughness, wettability, recovery time, strain fixity and glass transition temperature. The maximum fixity was about 85%, while the recovery time as low as 1.6 s. The print parameters are optimized using regression modeling and multi‐objective optimization techniques. The shape memory effect of the polymer is demonstrated by printing samples at the optimized conditions. Dynamic mechanical analysis is performed to evaluate the variation in the glass transition temperature of AESO at specific print parameters. The adoption of an optimal set of laser frequency and print speed is found to improve the properties of AESO, while built by micro stereolithography (micro‐SLA).

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“…Some of the most widely used renewable raw materials in AM include cellulose and other polysaccharides, lignin and its derivatives, gelatin, and other biobased polymers such as polylactide, etc. [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography

et al. 2021

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Typical resins for UV-assisted additive manufacturing (AM) are prepared from petroleum-based materials and therefore do not contribute to the growing AM industry trend of converting to sustainable bio-based materials. To satisfy society and industry’s demand for sustainability, renewable feedstocks must be explored; unfortunately, there are not many options that are applicable to photopolymerization. Nevertheless, some vegetable oils can be modified to be suitable for UV-assisted AM technologies. In this work, extended study, through FTIR and photorheology measurements, of the UV-curing of epoxidized acrylate from soybean oil (AESO)-based formulations has been performed to better understand the photopolymerization process. The study demonstrates that the addition of appropriate functional comonomers like trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and the adjusting of the concentration of photoinitiator from 1% to 7% decrease the needed UV-irradiation time by up to 25%. Under optimized conditions, the optimal curing time was about 4 s, leading to a double bond conversion rate (DBC%) up to 80% and higher crosslinking density determined by the Flory–Rehner empirical approach. Thermal and mechanical properties were also investigated via TGA and DMA measurements that showed significant improvements of mechanical performances for all formulations. The properties were improved further upon the addition of the reactive diluents. After the thorough investigations, the prepared vegetable oil-based resin ink formulations containing reactive diluents were deemed suitable inks for UV-assisted AM, giving their appropriate viscosity. The validation was done by printing different objects with complex structures using a laser based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) printer.

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Photopolymerization of Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil: A Photocalorimetry-Based Kinetic Study

Cited by 27 publications

References 51 publications

Photo-Curing Kinetics of 3D-Printing Photo-Inks Based on Urethane-Acrylates

Photo-Curing Kinetics of 3D-Printing Photo-Inks Based on Urethane-Acrylates

4D printed stereolithography printed plant‐based sustainable polymers: Preliminary investigation and optimization

UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography

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