Photorefractive-damage-resistant Er-indiffusedMgO:LiNbO ₃ ZnO-waveguide amplifiers and lasers

Er3+ diffusion in LiTaO3 crystal

“…One can see from Fig. 1 that all of the substrate signals 6 Li, 181 Ta and 16 O show constancy with the depth after a shallow depth range, where the diffusion reservoir was formed [15]. This is because these substrate constituents are homogeneous over each sample plate.…”

“…The analysis was accomplished by a time-of-flight second ion mass spectrometry (ION-TOF TOF SIMS V). A Cs + -beam (∼45 m in diameter) of 30-35 nA at 3 keV was used to sputter a crater of 120 × 120 m 2 and a pulsed bismuth ion beam of 1 pA at 25 keV was used to analyze the secondary ions 6 Li, 181 Ta, 16 O and 166 Er as a function of time. Positive secondary ions were detected.…”

“…Fig. 1 shows the depth profiles, on a semilogarithmic scale, of the substrate constituents 6 Li, 181 Ta, 16 O and diffused 166 Er SIMS signals detected from six representative samples that were annealed at (a) 1000, (b) 1130, (c) 1300, (d) 1400, (e) 1450 and (f) 1500 • C. The black solid-line plots denote the 6 Li, 181 Ta and 16 O substrate signals and the red-ball curve represents the Er 3+ profile. First, we demonstrate that the profiles shown in Fig.…”

“…Over the past years, a family of Ti (or vapor ZnO)-diffused Er:LN waveguide lasers (amplifiers) and (nonlinear) integrated devices have been demonstrated [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. These devices are compact, efficient, inexpensive, manufacturable and commercially attractive, and show potential for use in a wide range including telecommunications, range finding, military counter measures, optical data storage, remote sensing and reproduction graphics [1].…”

“…Depth profiles, on a semilogarithmic scale, of6 Li, 181 Ta,16 O and 166 Er SIMS signals detected from six LT sample plates coated with 12, 20, 16, 12, 30 and 12 ± 2 nm Er films and annealed under different conditions of (a) 1000/50, (b) 1130/40, (c) 1300/25, (d) 1400/17, (e) 1450/17 and (f) 1500/10 • C/h. The green plot overlapped on each measured Er 3+ profile (red balls) represents the erfc or Gaussian fit (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.…”