“…Nanoporous TiO 2 architecture with micropores (<2 nm), mesopores (2-50 nm) and/or macropores (>50 nm) is of considerable interest for both scientific and technical applications. The latter include cosmetics, catalysts 78 , photocatalysts [79][80][81][82] , gas sensors 83,84 , lithium batteries [85][86][87] , biomolecular sensors 88 and dye-sensitized solar cells 89,90 . Crystalline anatase generally exhibits higher properties than rutile in photocatalysts, biomolecular sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells.…”