Photosynthesis in Nature: A New Look

Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems

“…The occurrence, abundance and geographical distribution of toxin-producing algae or cyanobacterial blooms have substantially increased during the last few decades, because of increased anthropogenic input of organic matter pollution and nutrients as well as global warming (Van Dolah, 2000;Phlips et al, 2004;Yan and Zhou, 2004;Glibert et al, 2005;Luckas et al, 2005;McCarthy et al, 2007;Moore et al, 2008;Mostofa et al, 2013bMostofa et al, , 2013d. Algal toxins or red tide toxins produced during algal blooms in surface waters are responsible for physiological, ecological and environmental adverse effects (Hayman et al, 1992;Falconer, 1993;Bricelj and Lonsdale, 1997;Pilotto et al, 1999;Glibert et al, 2001;Fleming et al, 2005;Imai et al, 2006;Álvarez-Salgado et al, 2007;Backer et al, 2005Backer et al, , 2008Erdner et al, 2008;Imai and Kimura, 2008;Moore et al, 2008;Prince et al, 2008;Sekiguchi and Aksornkoae, 2008;Castle and Rodgers Jr., 2009;Yates and Rogers 2011;Mostofa et al, 2013bMostofa et al, , 2013d):…”

“…phytoplankton or algae) is one of the key factors that can fuel production of additional DOM (autochthonous), nutrients and various photochemical and microbial products (Bushaw et al, 1996;Granéli et al, 1998;Bertilsson and Tranvik, 2000;Moran et al, 2000;Kopáćek et al, 2003;Ma and Green, 2004;Smith and Benner 2005;Stedmon et al, 2007aStedmon et al, , 2007bZhang et al, 2008;Mostofa and Sakugawa, 2009;Zhang et al, 2009;Cai et al, 2011;Zepp et al, 2011;Mostofa et al, 2011Mostofa et al, , 2013bMostofa et al, , 2013dLetscher et al, 2013). The complex photoinduced processes can be summarized as follows (Mostofa et al, 2013b, and (Bushaw et al, 1996;Granéli et al, 1998;Bertilsson and Tranvik, 2000;Moran et al, 2000;Kopáćek et al, 2003;Smith and Benner 2005;Stedmon et al, 2007aStedmon et al, , 2007bMostofa et al, 2011;Ma and Green 2004;Mostofa and Sakugawa 2009;Remington et al, 2011;Zepp et al, 2011). Increased stability of the water column as a consequence of warming may enhance the photoinduced degradation of DOM and POM, by combination of high temperature and longer exposure of the water surface layer to sunlight (Huisman et al, 2006;Mostofa et al, 2013d).…”

“…• Production of algal toxins or red-tide toxins during algal blooms is increasing due to the effects of organic matter (OM) pollution and GW (Landsberg, 2002;Moore et al, 2008;Prince et al, 2008;Castle and Rodgers Jr., 2009;Southard et al, 2010;Yates and Rogers, 2011;Mostofa et al, 2013bMostofa et al, , 2013d);…”

“…A recent review showed that 63 % of assessed stocks are in need of rebuilding (Worm et al, 2009). At the same time, GW and related phenomena can accelerate the occurrence of algal blooms and acidification processes in marine ecosystems (Hare et al, 2007;Edmunds 2007;Cooper et al, 2008;Albright 2011;Anlauf et al, 2011;Mostofa et al, 2013b, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites); (ii) natural production, including most notably algal (or phytoplankton) blooms in surface water; and (iii) photochemical and/or microbial origin, following alteration of primarily emitted organic substances by photoinduced and/or microbial processes during transport from rivers to lakes, oceans or other water sources (secondary pollution).…”

“…Adverse effects include for instance the production of reactive oxygen species in fish (Gonzalez et al, 1998;Laville et al, 2004;Fent et al, 2006;Mostofa et al, 2013aMostofa et al, , 2013b. Pharmaceuticals are detected in water at concentrations in the range of ng L −1 to µg L −1 , and they are also found in fish or other organisms (Jones et al, 2001;Laville et al, 2004;Fent et al, 2006;Ramirez et al, 2009;Corcoran et al, 2010;Santos et al, 2010;Mostofa et al, 2013a).…”