Abundant living roots can be found in some streams and other shallow marine and freshwater habitats. A reach of a small Brazilian forested stream had 28% cover by live roots and exhibited diurnal trends in dissolved oxygen that could be attributed to gross primary production, but we hypothesized that activity of riparian tree roots in the channel caused this pattern. During sunny periods, trees transpire deoxygenated water from roots to the canopy but not in the dark, resulting in diurnal cycles of dissolved oxygen. Wholestream shading experiments showed that photosynthesis in the stream is not responsible for the pattern. Sealed chamber measurements showed living roots of riparian vegetation had substantial respiratory activity and ammonium and nitrate uptake, and rates per unit area were greater than sand and less than silt (the other two dominant substrata), indicating roots can substantially alter in-stream biogeochemistry.Whole-system metabolism (ecosystem respiration, ER, and gross primary production, GPP) is a central aquatic ecosystem function and is often used as an index of stream ecosystem health (Fellows et al. 2006;Correa-Gonz alez et al. 2014) and the trophic state (Dodds 2006(Dodds , 2007. Metabolism is affected by natural features of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., biofilms, light availability, canopy cover and rainfall) as well as by the impacts from anthropogenic activities (Wang et al. 2003;Frankforter et al. 2010). However, we know of little work on an additional biological component in some streams, living tree roots in the open channel.Streams and other aquatic habitats (e.g., lake shores, estuarine environments) can have exposed living roots associated with nearby vegetation. These roots and their associated biofilms might be an important component of benthic metabolism but their importance to whole systems is not well *Correspondence: wkdodds@ksu.edu Author Contribution Statement: WKD, DGFC, and FT obtained funding for the project. WKD initiated the idea for the project, participated in the field work, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. FT constructed chambers, participated in field work, laboratory work, data analyses, and manuscript editing. DGFC and WAS participated in field work, laboratory work, and edited the manuscript.Data Availability Statement: Data are available through the Konza Prairie LTER portal at http://www.konza.ksu.edu/knz/datasets/TextFiles/ BrazilRoot/.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Scientific Significance StatementWhole-system estimates of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production of aquatic systems are generally thought to reflect biological processes occurring in the water. However, living roots of plants growing next to the system might alter metabolism, and little is known of how important they are. We...