Phototoxicity of phenylenediamine hair dye chemicals in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and human skin keratinocytes

Mosley-Foreman, Charity; Choi, Jaehwa; Wang, Shuguang; Yu, Hongtao

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.063

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…To the best our knowledge, no previous studies showing considerable toxicity of our identified FMD compounds have been reported in the literature. A previous study by Yu et al (2008) showed that all six non-halogenated and halogenated (chlorinated) phenylenediamines (PD) as dye precursors used to manufacture hair dyes are not toxic/mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 bacteria or skin keratinocyte cells, and do not cause DNA cleavage in ΦX 174 phage DNA. Their phototoxicity test in skin cells showed that without light irradiation, all the PD compounds are not toxic to the keratinocytes up to 1000 μM; only at an extremely high PD concentration (1000 μM) and with extensive exposure to light irradiation (at a large light dose of 3.3 J/cm 2 of UVA and 6.3 J/cm 2 of visible light), two chlorinated PDs and two non-chlorinated PDs show modest phototoxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Non-Platinum-Based Halogenated Compounds as Potent Antitumor Agents for Natural Targeted Chemotherapy of Cancers

Lü¹,

Zhang²,

Ou³

et al. 2015

EBioMedicine

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Based on a molecular-mechanism-based anticancer drug discovery program enabled by an innovative femtomedicine approach, we have found a previously unknown class of non-platinum-based halogenated molecules (called FMD compounds) as potent antitumor agents for effective treatment of cancers. Here, we present in vitro and in vivo studies of the compounds for targeted chemotherapy of cervical, breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. Our results show that these FMD agents led to DNA damage, cell cycle arrest in the S phase, and apoptosis in cancer cells. We also observed that such a FMD compound caused an increase of reduced glutathione (GSH, an endogenous antioxidant) levels in human normal cells, while it largely depleted GSH in cancer cells. We correspondingly found that these FMD agents exhibited no or little toxicity toward normal cells/tissues, while causing significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, as well as suppression and delay in tumor growth in mouse xenograft models of cervical, ovarian, breast and lung cancers. These compounds are therefore a previously undiscovered class of potent antitumor agents that can be translated into clinical trials for natural targeted chemotherapy of multiple cancers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Non-Platinum-Based Halogenated Compounds as Potent Antitumor Agents for Natural Targeted Chemotherapy of Cancers

Lü¹,

Zhang²,

Ou³

et al. 2015

EBioMedicine

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“…). However, this same compound was reported to be not cytotoxic to keratinocytes up to 1000 μM in the absence of light (Mosley‐Foreman et al, ). Even in the presence of light, it was found to be cytotoxic to this epidermal cell type only at high concentration (1000 μM).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine Induces Apoptosis in Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells via activation of caspases

Onn

Ching

et al. 2012

Environ. Toxicol

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4-Chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine (4-Cl-o-PD) is a halogenated aromatic diamine that was used as a precursor for manufacturing permanent hair dyes. Despite its well-documented mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in a number of in vitro and in vivo models, its cytotoxicity and mode of action have not received similar attention. Here, we investigated the effect of 4-Cl-o-PD on Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells. It induced apoptosis and the evidence suggests its initiation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of various assays used show a dose-dependent (i) decrease in cell viability, (ii) increase in cells at sub-G1 phase and the G0/G1 phase arrested in cell cycle, (iii) increase in intracellular ROS accompanied by depletion of glutathione, and (iv) that apoptotic cell death probably involves activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

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“…Previous studies have proved that hair dyes can penetrate the skin [23]. When applied to the skin, the combination of light irradiation and contamination with hair dye ingredients may cause adverse effects on human health [24]. Hair dyes have been proven to be photosensitive for a long period of time [24].…”

Section: Photocytotoxicity Of Hair Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative-Stress-Induced Cellular Toxicity and Glycoxidation of Biomolecules by Cosmetic Products under Sunlight Exposure

Mujtaba¹,

Masih²,

Alqasmi

et al. 2021

Antioxidants

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Cosmetics, commonly known as ‘makeup’ are products that can enhance the appearance of the human body. Cosmetic products include hair dyes, shampoos, skincare, sunscreens, kajal, and other makeup products. Cosmetics are generally applied throughout the face and over the neck region. Sunlight has different wavelengths of light, which include UV-A, UV-B, UV-C, and other radiations. Most cosmetic products have absorption maxima (λmax) in the range of visible light and UV-R. The effect of light-induced photosensitization of cosmetic products, which results in the production of free radicals through type-I and type-II photosensitization mechanisms. Free-radicals-mediated DNA damage and oxidative stress are common consequences of cosmetic phototoxicity. Cosmetic phototoxicity may include percutaneous absorption, skin irritation, eye irritation, photosensitization, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity. Oxidative stress induces membrane lipid peroxidation, glycoxidation, and protein covalent modifications, resulting in their dysfunction. Natural antioxidants inhibit oxidative-stress-induced cosmetic toxicity. Sunlight-induced photodegradation and accumulation of cosmetic photoproducts are also a matter of serious concern. India has tropical weather conditions throughout the year and generally, a majority of human activities such as commerce, agriculture, sports, etc. are performed under bright sunlight conditions. Thus, more focused and dedicated research is warranted to explore the effects of cosmetics on oxidative stress, glycoxidation of biomolecules, and photoproducts accumulation for its total human safety.

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Phototoxicity of phenylenediamine hair dye chemicals in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and human skin keratinocytes

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Non-Platinum-Based Halogenated Compounds as Potent Antitumor Agents for Natural Targeted Chemotherapy of Cancers

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Non-Platinum-Based Halogenated Compounds as Potent Antitumor Agents for Natural Targeted Chemotherapy of Cancers

4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine Induces Apoptosis in Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells via activation of caspases

Oxidative-Stress-Induced Cellular Toxicity and Glycoxidation of Biomolecules by Cosmetic Products under Sunlight Exposure

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