Photovoltaic green application of waste toner carbon on fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

Carbon Electrodes for Perovskite Photovoltaics: Interfacial Properties, Meta‐analysis, and Prospects

“…[140][141][142][143][144] Adjusting the carbon electrode content to include different ratios of carbon black, CNTs, graphene, and other carbon precursors has also been shown to shift the electrode work function. [52,121,[145][146][147] Passatorntaschakorn et al applied this principle to modify the carbon and binder content of a commercial carbon paste. The electrode work function increased from 4.16 to 4.47 eV using the modified composition, and the device efficiency increased from 15.4% to 18.3% due to improved energy alignment and electrode conductivity.…”

“…[202] Metallic additives and microscopic carbon structures (such as graphene and CNTs) have been demonstrated to improve the conductivity of carbon electrodes. [52,119,121,128,[145][146][147] Some studies have also reported the use of a metal foil top layer to improve the electrode conductivity. [58,118,203] In this regard, macroscopic carbon structures, such as carbon papers, felts, and cloths, are also well-suited to this application.…”

“…[51] Moreover, if we consider the use of synthetic graphite in carbon electrodes, new studies are reporting successful C-PSCs in which carbon electrodes are fabricated from waste materials, including printer toner and biomass materials (such as cellulose, coconut husks, aloe vera, bamboo chopsticks, corn husks, and peanut shells), which may introduce another sustainable feedstock option for C-PSCs. [52][53][54][55][56] 1.1.2. Scalability Metal electrodes in record-efficiency PSCs are typically produced using high-vacuum physical vapor deposition, a process that is complex to scale for large-area, high-throughput production.…”

“…[ 51 ] Moreover, if we consider the use of synthetic graphite in carbon electrodes, new studies are reporting successful C‐PSCs in which carbon electrodes are fabricated from waste materials, including printer toner and biomass materials (such as cellulose, coconut husks, aloe vera, bamboo chopsticks, corn husks, and peanut shells), which may introduce another sustainable feedstock option for C‐PSCs. [ 52–56 ]…”

The triple action of sulfuric acid on the preparation of carbon-based solid acid from waste toner and its application

“…16 Ma et al directly applied waste toner to carbon electrodes for the fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (FP-PSCs), greatly improving the photoelectric conversion performance. 17 Tian et al synthesized a three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene oxide (GO) hydrogel by one-pot transformation using waste toner as a precursor. 18 Bhongade et al synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes using waste powder as raw material by vapor deposition at 800 °C.…”