“…A number of studies have demonstrated the cost benefits of interconnected grids in a range of geographical settings, including across the USA (Bloom et al 2020), Europe (Newbery et al 2013;Cluet et al 2020), between Australia and parts of Asia (Halawa et al 2018), and broader global regions, for example between the Middle East and Europe or North Africa and Europe (Tsoutsos et al 2015). While there is growing interest in interconnection among different regions or continents, a broad range of geopolitical and socio-technoeconomic challenges would need to be overcome to support this level of international cooperation and large-scale network expansion (Bertsch et al 2017;Palle 2021).…”