Phyloecology of urban alien floras

Ricotta, Carlo; Sorte, Frank A. La; Pyšek, Petr; Rapson, Gillian L.; Celesti‐Grapow, Laura; Thompson, Ken

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01548.x

Cited by 81 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Cosmopolitan species tend to have a higher affinity to urban areas (Knapp et al 2009) and a lower taxonomic diversity than rare species (Ricotta et al 2008). Communities with high proportions of exotics tend to have a lower phylogenetic diversity than those dominated by native species (Ricotta et al 2009, Cadotte et al 2010.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Diversity Of Spontaneous Yard Florasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Loram et al (2008) found 70% exotic species in the household yard floras of the UK, including both cultivated and spontaneous species. The percenatges of exotics in yards even exceeds the percentage of exotics in complete urban floras (including land areas beyond yards): Pyšek (1998a) showed an average of 40% of exotic plant species for 54 Central European cities; U.S. cities have percentages between 18% and 34% (calculated from species numbers given in Ricotta et al 2009). Accordingly, yards are centers of exotic species diversity within cities.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Diversity Of Spontaneous Yard Florasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic and functional characteristics of household yard floras and their changes along an urbanization gradient

Knapp

Dinsmore

Fissore

et al. 2012

Ecology

131

124

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Abstract. Urban areas are among the most heavily managed landscapes in the world, yet they harbor a remarkable richness of species. Private yards are common habitats in urban areas and are places where cultivated species manage to escape cultivation and become part of the spontaneous species pool. Yards are novel ecosystems where community assembly is driven by both natural and anthropogenic processes. Phylogenetic diversity and functional traits are increasingly recognized as critical to understanding processes of community assembly. Recent evidence indicates that urban areas may select more closely related plant species from the pool of regionally occurring species than do nonurban areas, and that exotic species are phylogenetically clustered within communities. We tested whether phylogenetic diversity and functional trait composition in privately managed yards change along a gradient of housing density in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolis, Minnesota, USA, in accordance with these predictions. We also identified characteristics of the spontaneous yard flora by comparing its phylogenetic diversity and functional composition with the ''natural-areas'' species pool represented by the flora of nearby Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve. Along the urbanization gradient, yards had more species per hectare in densely built regions than in lower-density regions, but phylogenetic diversity and functional composition did not change with housing density. In contrast, in comparison to species in natural areas, yard species were more closely related to each other and functionally distinct: They were more often short-lived, self-compatible, and had higher specific leaf area than species of Cedar Creek. The high number of exotic yard species increased the yard flora's phylogenetic relatedness in comparison to species of Cedar Creek, causing a degree of phylogenetic homogenization within yards. The urban environment and homeowners' preferences select for trait attributes and phylogenetic lineages that can colonize and persist in yards. As yard species disperse beyond household boundaries, their functional attributes will affect ecosystem processes in urban environments and beyond, such as accelerating decomposition rates. Limited phylogenetic diversity may reduce the potential of ecosystems to respond to environmental changes. As cities continue to expand globally, understanding the impacts of yard management for biodiversity and ecosystem services becomes increasingly important.

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Section: Phylogenetic Diversity Of Spontaneous Yard Florasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phylogenetic Diversity Of Spontaneous Yard Florasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic and functional characteristics of household yard floras and their changes along an urbanization gradient

Knapp

Dinsmore

Fissore

et al. 2012

Ecology

131

124

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“…However, much of the high plant species diversity in the suburbs is attributed to non-native species, which thrive there in the extensive areas of disturbed habitats (e.g. Pyšek, 1988;Celesti-Grapow et al, 2006;Ricotta et al, 2009). In contrast, most of the invertebrate and nonavian vertebrate studies (~70%) indicate that species diversity is greatest in rural areas (McKinney, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns in the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in cities across Central Europe

Willigalla¹,

Fartmann²

2012

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Urbanisation is an important cause of species extinctions. Although urban water systems are also highly modified, studies on aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms are rare. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that determine species richness of Odonata in 22 Central European cities and along an urban-rural gradient within six of them. With 64 indigenous species in total and an average of 33 species per city, the species richness of Odonata in Central European cities is comparatively high. A generalised linear model indicates that species richness is positively related to city area. Additional predictors are climatic variables (temperature amplitude, sunshine duration and July temperature) and the year last studied. Since most cities are usually located in areas with naturally high habitat heterogeneity, we assume that cities should be naturally rich in dragonflies. The role of city area as a surrogate for habitat and structural richness most likely explains why it is strongly associated with Odonata species richness. The relationship between species richness and the climatic variables probably reflects that Odonata species richness in Central Europe is limited by warm and sunny conditions more than by availability of water. The temporal effect (the year last studied) on species richness is likely to be a consequence of the recent increase in Mediterranean species associated with global warming. Urbanisation clearly has an adverse effect on the species diversity of Odonata. Species richness increases along a gradient from the centre of a city to the rural area and is significantly highest in rural areas. This pattern probably reflects a gradient of increasing habitat quality from the centre of cities to rural areas. Moreover, the number of water bodies is generally very low in the city centres. Based on our results, we make recommendations for increasing the abundance and number of species of dragonflies in cities.

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“…The long-term coexistence of Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral systems with anthropic management in the Mediterranean basin has determined processes of co-evolution between plants (crops, forages, etc.) and human practices [67,76,92,93]. In fact, most of the species present in the Mediterranean biome originated in the Mediterranean basin.…”

Section: Exotic Plant Species Naturalisation In the Mediterranean Biomementioning

confidence: 99%

Exotic Plant Species in the Mediterranean Biome: A Reflection of Cultural and Historical Relationships

Martín‐Forés¹

2017

Mediterranean Identities - Environment, Society, Culture

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The Mediterranean basin was the world's cradle of agriculture and the first human civilisation. In the Neolithic age, the agrarian culture expanded throughout the Mediterranean basin from the East to the West. Later, an expansion of agrarian culture and trade occurred, associated with the European colonialism, giving rise to a great plant exchange among Mediterranean-type regions. Despite being a biodiversity hotspot, the Mediterranean biome has been subjected to several anthropic impacts, such as alteration of land-use and cross-introductions of exotic species. The millenary anthropic modification of the landscape occurred in the Mediterranean basin gave rise to the formation of seminatural systems in which plants co-evolved with anthropogenic activities over a long time. Thus, species that originated in the Mediterranean basin might have developed a key role in other agro-silvo-pastoral systems along the whole Mediterranean biome. Research is biased towards highlighting the negative impact of exotic species on the ecosystems. To defy the traditional belief, outstanding recent literature focused on the positive effects of exotics on native communities was reviewed. Exotic species seem to have a key role in Mediterranean-type seminatural systems, as evidences of tolerance and facilitation processes were found. Exotic species that have co-evolved with human practices over millennia seem to enhance biodiversity in the Mediterranean biome.

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Phyloecology of urban alien floras

Cited by 81 publications

References 60 publications

Phylogenetic and functional characteristics of household yard floras and their changes along an urbanization gradient

Phylogenetic and functional characteristics of household yard floras and their changes along an urbanization gradient

Patterns in the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in cities across Central Europe

Exotic Plant Species in the Mediterranean Biome: A Reflection of Cultural and Historical Relationships

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