Phylogenetic Analyses Based on Small Subunit rRNA and Glycosomal Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes and Ultrastructural Characterization of Two Snake Trypanosomes: Trypanosoma serpentis n. sp. from Pseudoboa nigra and Trypanosoma cascavelli from Crotalus durissus terrificus

Abstract

We sequenced the small subunit (SSU) rRNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) genes of two trypanosomes isolated from the Brazilian snakes Pseudoboa nigra and Crotalus durissus terrificus. Trypanosomes were cultured and their morphometrical and ultrastructural features were characterized by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Phylogenetic trees inferred using independent or combined SSU rRNA and gGAPDH data sets always clustered the snake trypanosomes together in a clade closest to lizard trypanosomes, forming a strongly supported monophyletic assemblage (i.e. lizard-snake clade). The positioning in the phylogenetic trees and the barcoding based on the variable V7-V8 region of the SSU rRNA, which showed high sequence divergences, allowed us to classify the isolates from distinct snake species as separate species. The isolate from P. nigra is described as a new species, Trypanosoma serpentis n. sp., whereas the isolate from C. d. terrificus is redescribed here as Trypanosoma cascavelli.

Trypanosoma livingstonei: a new species from African bats supports the bat seeding hypothesis for the Trypanosoma cruzi clade

“…Bat blood samples were examined for the presence of trypanosomes by using the microhaematocrit (MH), Giemsa-stained blood smear examination and haemoculture methods as employed before for trypanosomes from different vertebrate hosts [8,10,22,33,34]. For the haemoculture, bat blood samples were transferred to tubes containing a medium consisting of solid phase blood agar base (BAB) with an overlay of LIT (liver infusion tryptose) medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS); the tubes were maintained at 25-28°C for 10–15 days.…”

Diversidade, biologia, filogeografia e taxonomia molecular de tripanossomas de anuros da família Leptodactylidae.

“…Porém, esses critérios têm se mostrado insuficientes, ou mesmo incongruentes, com os padrões hierárquicos obtidos por inferências filogenéticas baseadas em caracteres moleculares (Ferreira et al 2007Garcia et al, 2011 a, b;Hamilton et al, 2004Hamilton et al, , 2005Hamilton et al, , 2007Hamilton et al, , 2009Lima et al, 2012; Maia da Silva et al 2004 a, b;Rodrigues et al 2006;Stevens et al 2001;Stevens, Gibson, 1999;Viola et al, 2008Viola et al, , 2009a.…”

<b>Diversidade de parasitas do gênero <i>Trypanosoma</i> em morcegos capturados na área de influência da UHE Belo Monte - Altamira/Pará</b>

“…A partir deste fato, novos agrupamentos dentro do gênero Trypanosoma foram evidenciados (STEVENS et al, 2001;VIOLA et al, 2009a;DESCHAMPS et al, 2011).…”

“…Estudos mais recentes apresentam os tripanossomas divididos em clados (HAMILTON et al, 2004;FERREIRA et al, 2008;VIOLA et al, 2009a).…”

“…O clado aquático foi subdividido em dois subclados (isolados de ornitorrinco e peixes) (JAKES et al, 2001a;HAMILTON et al, 2007;FERREIRA et al, 2008). Um clado composto por tripanossomas de cobras de lagartos foi classificado como squamata (HAMILTON et al, 2007;FERREIRA et al, 2008;VIOLA et al, 2009a). Um clado que compreende tripanossomas de mamíferos ungulados da ordem Artiodátila, bovídeos domésticos, silvestres e cervídeos, identificado como clado T. theileri (RODRIGUES et al, 2006;HAMILTON et al, 2009;RODRIGUES et al, 2010a).…”