Phylogenetic analysis reveals the emergence, evolution and dispersal of carnivore parvoviruses

Abstract

Canine parvovirus (CPV), first recognized as an emerging virus of dogs in 1978, resulted from a successful cross-species transmission. CPV emerged from the endemic feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), or from a closely related parvovirus of another host. Here we refine our current understanding of the evolution and population dynamics of FPV and CPV. By analysing nearly fulllength viral sequences we show that the majority of substitutions distinguishing CPV from FPV are located in the capsid protein gene, and that this gene is under positive selection in CPV, resulting in a significantly elevated rate of molecular evolution. This provides strong phylogenetic evidence for a prominent role of the viral capsid in host adaptation. In addition, an analysis of the population dynamics of more recent CPV reveals, on a global scale, a strongly spatially subdivided CPV population with little viral movement among countries and a relatively constant population size. Such limited viral migration contrasts with the global spread of the virus observed during the early phase of the CPV pandemic, but corresponds to the more endemic nature of current CPV infections.

Phylogenetic characterization of Canine Parvovirus VP2 partial sequences from symptomatic dogs samples

“…All currently known CPV-2-and CPV-2a-derived viruses are monophyletic, indicating that a single cross-species transmission event gave rise to all currently known CPV strains (Shackelton et al 2005, Hoelzer et al 2008. The same monophyletic clustering was observed in the Maximum Likelihood tree (Fig.…”

“…Despite the strong phylogenetic association with CPV-2a ancestor, the Lithuanian CPV VP2 sequences show more or less geographically defined evolution pattern (especially five CPV samples in the first cluster), as were identified in other regions and studies (Battilani et al 2002, Wang et al 2005, Kang et al 2008. Phylogenetic analysis showed some evidence for geographical clustering at an international level, suggesting that currently there are limited opportunities for global transmission, as has previously been suggested by others (Hoelzer et al 2008). Despite this observation, sequences from individual countries, as exemplified by the United Kingdom, were generally not monophyletic, implying that national diversity is produced by a combination of local evolution occasionally supplemented by importation of new sequence types.…”

“…There were more than 98% sequence homology and as few as six coding nucleotide differences in the VP2 gene at positions 3025, 3065, 3094, 3753, 4477 and 4498 (Truyen et al 1995). Comparison of the entire genomes of the viruses showed that FPLV sequences were distinguished from CPV sequences by a total of 16 substitutions, of which 11 were located in the capsid protein genes, emphasizing the important role of the capsid in this emergence event (Hoelzer et al 2008).…”

Parasitology, Virology, and Serology of Free-Ranging Coyotes (Canis latrans) from Central Georgia, USA

“…By 2000, there were three variants of CPV-2 (2a, 2b, and 2c), and all three are now found in multiple hosts worldwide (Hoelzer et al 2008). Our PCR and sequencing results show three coyotes were infected with CPV-2c and one with CPV-2b, and both subtypes have been found in domestic dogs in Georgia (Hong et al 2007;Kapil et al 2007).…”

Parvoviruses evolution in carnivores

“…Ze względu na swoistość oraz bliskie pokrewieństwo parwowirus psów (Canine Parvovirus -CPV), wirus panleukopenii kotów (Feline Panleukopenia Virus -FPV) oraz wirus zapalenia jelit norek (Mink Enteritis Virus -MEV) określane są jako tzw. "parwowirusy zwierząt mięsożernych" (18,36,42). Psy i norki mogą również ulegać zakażeniu przez parwowirusy o bardziej odległym stopniu pokrewieństwa, tj.…”