Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota

Reichardt, Nicole; Duncan, Sylvia H.; Young, Pauline; Belenguer, Álvaro; Leitch, E. Carol McWilliam; Scott, Karen P.; Flint, Harry J.; Louis, Petra

doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.14

Cited by 964 publications

(796 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In F2, butyrate producers were also present but Bacteroidetes (mainly Prevotellaceae ) were more abundant than Firmicutes. Bacteroidetes form propionate via succinate pathway, which is the predominant propionate pathway in adults (Reichardt et al ., 2014). These outcomes demonstrate that IFT can reproduce, at least to a certain extent, the initial microbiota profile of the faecal donor's microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryopreservation of artificial gut microbiota produced with in vitro fermentation technology

Bircher

Schwab

Geirnaert

et al. 2017

Microbial Biotechnology

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SummaryInterest in faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has increased as therapy for intestinal diseases, but safety issues limit its widespread use. Intestinal fermentation technology (IFT) can produce controlled, diverse and metabolically active ‘artificial’ colonic microbiota as potential alternative to common FMT. However, suitable processing technology to store this artificial microbiota is lacking. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the two cryoprotectives, glycerol (15% v/v) and inulin (5% w/v) alone and in combination, in preserving short‐chain fatty acid formation and recovery of major butyrate‐producing bacteria in three artificial microbiota during cryopreservation for 3 months at −80°C. After 24 h anaerobic fermentation of the preserved microbiota, butyrate and propionate production were maintained when glycerol was used as cryoprotectant, while acetate and butyrate were formed more rapidly with glycerol in combination with inulin. Glycerol supported cryopreservation of the Roseburia spp./Eubacterium rectale group, while inulin improved the recovery of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Eubacterium hallii growth was affected minimally by cryopreservation. Our data indicate that butyrate producers, which are key organisms for gut health, can be well preserved with glycerol and inulin during frozen storage. This is of high importance if artificially produced colonic microbiota is considered for therapeutic purposes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryopreservation of artificial gut microbiota produced with in vitro fermentation technology

Bircher

Schwab

Geirnaert

et al. 2017

Microbial Biotechnology

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“…Remarkably, organisms that are associated with vertebrate animals, which particularly include species in the L. reuteri and L. delbrueckii groups, maintain the capacity to metabolize a broad spectrum of carbohydrates while insect-associated organisms in the L. mellis and L. fructivorans group exhibit a highly restricted carbohydrate metabolism. Lactate and diol metabolism in the L. buchneri and L. reuteri groups are indicative of trophic relationships with other lactic acid bacteria, yeasts producing glycerol, or intestinal microbiota that produce 1,2-propanediol from fucose (87). Indeed, diol metabolism in L. reuteri is found in human-lineage strains that colonize the large intestine but not in rodent-or swine-lineage strains that colonize the upper intestine (8,12).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genomic View of Lactobacilli and Pediococci Demonstrates that Phylogeny Matches Ecology and Physiology

Zheng

Ruan

Sun

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

216

210

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cLactobacilli are used widely in food, feed, and health applications. The taxonomy of the genus Lactobacillus, however, is confounded by the apparent lack of physiological markers for phylogenetic groups of lactobacilli and the unclear relationships between the diverse phylogenetic groups. This study used the core and pan-genomes of 174 type strains of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus to establish phylogenetic relationships and to identify metabolic properties differentiating phylogenetic groups. The core genome phylogenetic tree separated homofermentative lactobacilli and pediococci from heterofermentative lactobacilli. Aldolase and phosphofructokinase were generally present in homofermentative but not in heterofermentative lactobacilli; a twodomain alcohol dehydrogenase and mannitol dehydrogenase were present in most heterofermentative lactobacilli but absent in most homofermentative organisms. Other genes were predominantly present in homofermentative lactobacilli (pyruvate formate lyase) or heterofermentative lactobacilli (lactaldehyde dehydrogenase and glycerol dehydratase). Cluster analysis of the phylogenomic tree and the average nucleotide identity grouped the genus Lactobacillus sensu lato into 24 phylogenetic groups, including pediococci, with stable intra-and intergroup relationships. Individual groups may be differentiated by characteristic metabolic properties. The link between phylogeny and physiology that is proposed in this study facilitates future studies on the ecology, physiology, and industrial applications of lactobacilli. Lactobacilli are significant members of animal and human microbiota and of the plant phyllosphere. Owing to their stable association with humans as well as raw material for food production, lactobacilli also occur in many or most food fermentations. Lactobacilli are at the interface of aerobic and anaerobic life. Many lactobacilli retain the conditional capacity for respiration (1), but their ecology and physiology are mainly related to the fermentative conversion of sugars to organic acids (2, 3). Lactobacilli employ the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (glycolysis) and/or the phosphoketolase pathway for conversion of hexoses (2). These pathways have a low energetic efficiency; lactobacilli compensate for this disadvantage by rapid depletion of carbon sources and by accumulation of organic acids to inhibit competitors. The evolution and ecology of lactobacilli are shaped by niche adaptation and reduction of genome size (4). Many species, e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum, maintain a genetic diversity that enables occupation of diverse ecological niches (5). Other species are highly specialized and reduce their genomes more extensively. Examples include the insect-associated Lactobacillus fructivorans (6); Lactobacillus iners, a species specialized for the female human urogenital tract (7); and Lactobacillus reuteri, a host-specific intestinal symbiont of vertebrate animals (8). Lactobacillus delbrueckii has undergone a very recent reduction of genome size to adapt to dairy fermentations ...

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“…Propiona te and butyrate are produced from hexose sugars by different microbial species. Only two species of Lachnospiraceae (Coprococcus catus and Roseburia inulinivorans) might switch from butyrate to propionate production on different substrates [36]. Howe ver, these changes do not lead to restoration of the redox status of colon lumen.…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal short-chain fatty acids at different time points after ceftriaxone administration in rats

Holota¹,

Holubenko²,

Остапчук³

et al. 2017

Ukr.Biochem.J.

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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) T he interchange of low molecular weight metabolites between gut microorganisms and macroorganism have attracted a lot of attention during last years [1][2][3]. The gut microbiota affects predominantly host physiology by the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are saturated aliphatic organic acids that consist of one to six carbons of which acetate (C2), propionate (C3), and butyrate (C4) are most abundant (≥95%). Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool [4]. Depending on the diet, the total maximum concentration of SCFAs decreases from 70 to 140 mM in the proximal colon from 20 to 70 mM in the distal colon [5].These metabolites, especially butyrate, serve as an important source of energy for the intestinal epithelial cells, providing about 60-70% of their ener gy demand. Colonocytes from germ-free mice are in an energy-deprived state and exhibit decreased expression of enzymes that catalyze key steps in intermediary metabolism including the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Consequently, there is a marked decrease in NADH/NAD + , oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP levels, that results in AMP-activated protein kinase activation, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B phosphorylation and autophagy. When butyrate is added to germ-free colonocytes, it rescues their deficit in mitochondrial respiration and prevents them from undergoing autophagy [6].

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Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota

Cited by 964 publications

References 57 publications

Cryopreservation of artificial gut microbiota produced with in vitro fermentation technology

Cryopreservation of artificial gut microbiota produced with in vitro fermentation technology

A Genomic View of Lactobacilli and Pediococci Demonstrates that Phylogeny Matches Ecology and Physiology

Fecal short-chain fatty acids at different time points after ceftriaxone administration in rats

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