Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Characterization of Alternaria Species Isolated from Wheat Grown in Tuscany, Italy

Ramires, Francesca Anna; Masiello, Mario; Somma, Stefania; Villani, Alessandra; Susca, Antonia; Logrieco, Antonio F.; Luz, Carlos; Meca, Giuseppe; Moretti, Antonio

doi:10.3390/toxins10110472

Cited by 38 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Our results indicate that population structure of Alternaria species associated with black point disease, is prevalently represented by A. tenuissima and A. alternata (about 50% of total strains tested), as observed in previous studies [7,9]. Moreover, A. arborescens was also identified in wheat in accordance with other recent studies in Argentina [18,47], Tunisia [48], Germany, and Russia [49].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In recent years, molecular studies revealed multiple non-monophyletic species within Alternaria complex and Alternaria species clades which do not always correlate to a species-group based upon morphological characteristics [7,14,[40][41][42][43][44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fungi are responsible for major wheat diseases such as black point, a worldwide disease of kernels, caused by a complex of species including mainly Alternaria species and Cochliobolus sativus [2][3][4]. Moreover, other fungi belonging to Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvulavia, Fusarium, Penicillium and Stemphylium genera can participate in the disease complex and all together these species can induce the expression of the symptoms of black point [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these genera, Fusarium and Alternaria associated with wheat kernels, are especially worrisome since they are able to produce mycotoxins [7,8], toxic secondary metabolites that can be accumulated in colonized tissues [9]. Indeed, the mycotoxin contamination of wheat is one of the most important issue for human and animal health at the worldwide level, since, at harvest, a wide range of toxigenic Alternaria and Fusarium species can accumulate several mycotoxins in the kernels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main Alternaria species reported as associated with black point disease are A. alternata, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. infectoria [4,7,[12][13][14]. Moreover, at a lower frequency, minor Alternaria species belonging to Infectoriae [15,16] and Pseudoalternaria sections [17] were also detected on wheat [7,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms

Masiello

Somma

Susca

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Black point is a fungal disease of wheat, mainly associated with mycotoxigenic Alternaria species. Affected wheat kernels are characterized by dark brown discolouration of the embryo region and reduction of grain quality. Potential risk is the possible accumulation of Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TA), and altenuene (ALT), provided by haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. One hundred and twenty durum wheat samples belonging to 30 different genotypes grown in Bologna and Modena areas, in Italy, showing black point symptoms, were analyzed for Alternaria species and their mycotoxin contamination. Alternariol was selected as an indicator of the capability of the Alternaria species to produce mycotoxin in vivo in field conditions. The data showed that Alternaria species occurred in 118 out of 120 wheat kernels samples, with the incidence of infected kernels ranging between 1% and 26%. Moreover, AOH was detected by using a HPLC with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) in 98 out of 120 samples with values ranging between 24 and 262 µg Kg−1. Ninety-two Alternaria representative strains, previously identified morphologically, were identified at species/section level using gene sequencing, and therefore were analyzed for their mycotoxin profiles. Eighty-four strains, phylogenetically grouped in the Alternaria section, produced AOH, AME, and TA with values up to 8064, 14,341, and 3683 µg g−1, respectively, analyzed by using a LC-DAD. On the other hand, eight Alternaria strains, included in Infectoriae Section, showed a very low or no capability to produce mycotoxins.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms

Masiello

Somma

Susca

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in malting barley grains in the main producing region of Argentina

et al. 2019

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BACKGROUND: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals worldwide, and its quality is affected by fungal contamination such as species of the genus Alternaria. No information is available about the occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean barley grains, which is of concern, because they can be transferred into malt and beer. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in malting barley grains from the main producing region of Argentina during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. RESULTS:The most frequent mycotoxin was AOH (64%), which was detected at higher levels (712 g kg −1 ) compared with other studies, followed by TeA (37%, 1522 g kg −1 ), while AME was present in five samples in the 2015 growing season only, with a mean of 4876 g kg −1 . A similar frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was observed in both years (80.8 vs 85.3%), but more diverse contamination was found in 2015, which was characterized by lower accumulated precipitation. Nevertheless, AOH was more frequently found in 2014 than in 2015 (80.8 and 47.1% respectively). A negative correlation between AOH concentration and temperature was observed. The susceptibility of different barley varieties to mycotoxin accumulation varied with the mycotoxin, geographical location and meteorological conditions. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the present work represent a tool for risk assessment of exposition to these mycotoxins and could be used by food safety authorities to determine the need for their regulation. Furthermore, the establishment of a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system to minimize fungal and mycotoxin contamination in barley from farm to processing could be apply to ensure food safety.

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Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in wheat and potential of reducing associated risks using magnolol

Jiang

Wei

et al. 2020

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND Wheat is one of three major food crops in China. Alternaria species can cause spoilage of wheat with consequent mycotoxin accumulation. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) are the most common and frequently studied mycotoxins. There are limited regulations placed on Alternaria mycotoxin concentrations worldwide due to the lack of toxicity data available. More data on the levels of mycotoxin contamination are also needed. It is also important to reduce the risks of Alternaria mycotoxins. RESULTS One hundred and thirty‐two wheat samples were collected from Hebei Province, China, and analyzed for AOH, AME, and TeA. Tenuazonic acid was found to be the predominant Alternaria mycotoxin, especially in flour samples. Studying Alternaria species that cause black‐point disease of wheat indicated that Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima were the dominant species. Most of the Alternaria strains studied produced more than one mycotoxin and TeA was produced at the highest concentration, which may have resulted in the high level of TeA contamination in the wheat samples. Furthermore, magnolol displayed obvious antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria. This is the first report on the antimycotoxigenic activity of magnolol against Alternaria species. CONCLUSION The Alternaria mycotoxin contamination levels in wheat and wheat products from Hebei Province, China, were correlated with the toxigenic capacity of the Alternaria strains colonizing the wheat. Considering its safety, magnolol could be developed as a natural fungicide in wheat, or as a natural alternative food preservative based on its strong antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria strains. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Characterization of Alternaria Species Isolated from Wheat Grown in Tuscany, Italy

Cited by 38 publications

References 41 publications

Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms

Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms

Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in malting barley grains in the main producing region of Argentina

Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in wheat and potential of reducing associated risks using magnolol

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