Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) across the menstrual cycle

Hunnell, Nathan A; Rockcastle, Nathan J.; McCormick, Kristen N.; Sinko, Laurel K; Sullivan, Elinor L.; Cameron, Judy L.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00497.2006

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Weight gain was determined from the increase in weight from the start of the study to 26 months of age. Actical accelerometers (MiniMitter), attached to collars (Primate Products) were used to provide an unbiased measure of physical activity (Hunnell et al, 2007; Sullivan et al, 2006). Every subject wore Acticals for 6 days at a mean age of 16.2 ± 0.2 mo.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and emotional predictors of the tempo of puberty in female rhesus monkeys

Wilson¹,

Bounar²,

Godfrey³

et al. 2013

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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A cascade of neuroendocrine events regulates the initiation and progression of female puberty. However, the factors that determine the timing of these events across individuals are still uncertain. While the consequences of puberty on subsequent emotional development and adult behavior have received significant attention, what is less understood are the social and environmental factors that actually alter the initiation and progression of puberty. In order to more fully understand what factors influence pubertal timing in females, the present study quantified social and emotional behavior; stress physiology; and growth and activity measures in juvenile female rhesus monkeys to determine what best predicts eventual puberty. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that increased agonistic behavior resulting from subordinate status in their natal group, in combination with slowed growth, reduced prosocial behavior, and increased emotional reactivity would predict delayed puberty. The analyses were restricted to behavioral and physiological measures obtained prior to the onset of puberty, defined as menarche. Together, our findings indicate that higher rates of aggression but lower rates of submission received from group mates; slower weight gain; and greater emotional reactivity, evidenced by higher anxiety, distress and appeasing behaviors, and lower cortisol responsivity in response to a potentially threatening situation, predicts delayed puberty. Together the combination of these variables accounted for 58% of the variance in the age of menarche, 71% in age at first ovulation, and 45% in the duration of adolescent sterility. While early puberty may be more advantageous for the individual from a fertility standpoint, it presents significant health risks, including increased risk for a number of estrogen dependent cancers and as well as the emergence of mood disorders during adulthood. On the other hand, it is possible that increased emotional reactivity associated with delayed puberty could persist, increasing the risk for emotional dysregulation to socially challenging situations. The data argue for prospective studies that will determine how emotional reactivity shown to be important for pubertal timing is affected by early social experience and temperament, and how these stress-related variables contribute to body weight accumulation, affecting the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and emotional predictors of the tempo of puberty in female rhesus monkeys

Wilson¹,

Bounar²,

Godfrey³

et al. 2013

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…Physical activity levels were assessed continuously, as described previously (41), for the final 10 mo of this study, when the animals were 6 -7 yr of age. The animals were on the WSD for the entire duration that activity was monitored.…”

Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hyperandrogenemia and increased adiposity on reproductive and metabolic parameters in young adult female monkeys

McGee

Bishop

Pohl

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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McGee WK, Bishop CV, Pohl CR, Chang RJ, Marshall JC, Pau FK, Stouffer RL, Cameron JL. Effects of hyperandrogenemia and increased adiposity on reproductive and metabolic parameters in young adult female monkeys. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 306: E1292-E1304, 2014. First published April 15, 2014; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2013.-Many patients with hyperandrogenemia are overweight or obese, which exacerbates morbidities associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To examine the ability of testosterone (T) to generate PCOS-like symptoms, monkeys received T or cholesterol (control) implants (n ϭ 6/group) beginning prepubertally. As previously reported, T-treated animals had increased neuroendocrine drive to the reproductive axis [increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency] at 5 yr, without remarkable changes in ovarian or metabolic features. To examine the combined effects of T and obesity, at 5.5 yr (human equivalent age: 17 yr), monkeys were placed on a high-calorie, high-fat diet typical of Western cultures [Western style diet (WSD)], which increased body fat from Ͻ2% (pre-WSD) to 15-19% (14 mo WSD). By 6 mo on WSD, LH pulse frequency in the controls increased to that of T-treated animals, whereas LH pulse amplitude decreased in both groups and remained low. The numbers of antral follicles present during the early follicular phase increased in both groups on the WSD, but maximal follicular size decreased by 50%. During the late follicular phase, T-treated females had greater numbers of small antral follicles than controls. T-treated monkeys also had lower progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Although fasting insulin did not vary between groups, T-treated animals had decreased insulin sensitivity after 1 yr on WSD. Thus, while WSD consumption alone led to some features characteristic of PCOS, T ϩ WSD caused a more severe phenotype with regard to insulin insensitivity, increased numbers of antral follicles at midcycle, and decreased circulating luteal phase progesterone levels. testosterone; obesity; amenorrhea; insulin insensitivity; ovarian follicle POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) affects 4 -8% of reproductive-aged women (5, 48) and is characterized by hyperandrogenemia (HA), irregular menstrual cycles, and polycystic ovaries, in addition to rapid luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency, increased LH response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), decreased sensitivity to progesterone (P 4 ) negative feedback, and decreased insulin sensitivity (SI) (13,20,90). Moreover, up to 90% of women with PCOS are overweight or obese, which is higher than the general population of the United States, where 65% of women over the age of 20 are overweight or obese (6, 33). Women with PCOS also tend to have a central distribution of adiposity, which is associated with increased rates of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (23, 51).Being overweight or obese aggravates many symptoms of PCOS. Basal production of testosterone (T) and free T are reportedly elevated in obese, compar...

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“…Motor activity variations in the female rat [7] also accompany estrogen variations during the estrous cycle, with periods of higher motor activity being simultaneous with peaks of estrogen concentration. Although findings in higher primates [8] and humans [9] are less consistent than in rodents, motor activity of women also seems to vary during the menstrual cycle [10]. The mechanism by which sex steroids influence motor activity remains poorly understood, but it most likely involves direct estrogen action over certain brain Abstract Findings on experimental animals show that ovarian failure is accompanied by a decrease in motor activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal deterioration following ovarian failure: can some features be a direct consequence of estrogen loss while others are more related to physical inactivity?

et al. 2014

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Findings on experimental animals show that ovarian failure is accompanied by a decrease in motor activity. As mechanical loading has a vital role in the maintenance of skeletal health, our aim was to determine to what extent this decrease in motor activity contributes to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated and housed in standard cages or with access to running wheels for 36 weeks with their running distance monitored. Markers of bone turnover were assayed in the serum, and bone geometry, trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture, mineralization degree, and biomechanical properties were assessed in the femur. Differences between groups were determined by one-way ANOVA. Although reduced motor activity and sex steroid deficiency both resulted in decreases in trabecular bone volume, trabecular number decreases were mostly associated with sex steroid deficiency, whereas trabecular thickness decreases were mostly associated with sedentary behavior. Cortical bone appeared to be more sensitive to variations in motor activity, whereas bone turnover rate and bone tissue mineralization degree seemed to be primarily affected by sex steroid deficiency, even though they were further aggravated by sedentary behavior. Increases in femur length were mostly a consequence of sex steroid deficiency, whereas femoral neck length was also influenced by sedentary behavior. Differences in mechanical properties resulted mostly from differences in physical activity. Both the direct effect of sex steroid deficiency and the indirect effect of motor activity changes are implicated in bone loss following ovariectomy.

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Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

Cited by 16 publications

References 55 publications

Social and emotional predictors of the tempo of puberty in female rhesus monkeys

Social and emotional predictors of the tempo of puberty in female rhesus monkeys

Effects of hyperandrogenemia and increased adiposity on reproductive and metabolic parameters in young adult female monkeys

Skeletal deterioration following ovarian failure: can some features be a direct consequence of estrogen loss while others are more related to physical inactivity?

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