Physical and Chemical Characterization of Fog Oil Smoke and Hexachloroethane Smoke

Katz, Sidney; Snelson, A.; Farlow, Raleigh; Welker, Roger W.; Mainer, Stephen

doi:10.21236/ada080936

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This difference exists because even smaller particles are strongly affected by diffusive forces and larger particles by inertial forces. HC obscurant aerosols consist mostly of particles with physical (or, actual) diameters about and slightly less than 1 pm (Cichowicz 1983;Katz et al 1980), however, the fewer particles present in the obscurant cloud with diameters greater than 1 pm may contain most of the mass of the suspended particulate matter. Aerosols observed in the field are polydisperse; they are made up of particles of many different diameters.…”

Section: Calibration Relationships For the Laser Transmissometer For mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combustion of this mixture produces smokes containing AI2O3, ZnCI2, and several organic species. The primary organic products are carbon tetrachloride (CC14), tetrachloroethane (C2C14), hexachlorobenzene (C6CI6), unreacted hexachloroethane (C2C16), and possibly phosgene (Cichowicz 1983;Katz et al 1980). Much of the research on the toxicity and effects of hexachloroethane (HC) smokes has been limited to animal and aquatic studies (reviewed by Cichowicz 1983).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluate and characterize mechanisms controlling transport, fate, and effects of army smokes in the aerosol wind tunnel: Transport, transformations, fate, and terrestrial ecological effects of hexachloroethane obscurant smokes

Cataldo¹,

Ligotke²,

Bolton³

et al. 1989

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Based on a deposited foliar dose (mass loading) of 12 to 40 pg H C / C~~, equivalent to 1-to 4-h exposure to smokes at 450 mglm3 air, plant toxicity responses are judged low to moderate. Relative humidity has no dramatic effect on the quality or intensity of damage. Repetitive dosing at 2-to 3-day intervals resulted in substantially more damage than indicated by the total delivered dose. The observed effects likely result from the accumulation of Zn from foliar surfaces and subsequent toxicity. Residual effects, namely those that result from foliar absorption of smoke constituents that are transferred to below ground plant tissues, are apparent, although not severe in several of the test series. Indirect plant effects resulting from the growth of plants on HC-contaminated soils indicated no significant effects of HC on grass growth through two or three harvests. In no case was seed germination affected. Soil microbial activities were affected by HC aerosols deposited to soils. Soil microbial respiration was depressed for up to 15 days, as were dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities. Decreases in nitrifying bacteria populations were also observed. Effects of HC smokes were more pronounced for sandy soils than in more fertile soils. Earthworm bioassays indicated no adverse effect of HC smokes on survival, at soil doses of 8 pg ~n / c m 2 or 32 pg H C / C~~. FOREWARD Citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official U.S. Department of the Army endorsement or approval of the products or services of these organizations.

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Section: Calibration Relationships For the Laser Transmissometer For mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluate and characterize mechanisms controlling transport, fate, and effects of army smokes in the aerosol wind tunnel: Transport, transformations, fate, and terrestrial ecological effects of hexachloroethane obscurant smokes

Cataldo¹,

Ligotke²,

Bolton³

et al. 1989

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“…The basic chemical reaction that occurs in this HC smoke composition leads to a large production of gaseous ZnCl 2 (Eq. (4.10)), though small amounts of gaseous HC and AlCl 3 vapor are also produced, as determined by Katz and colleagues [80]. The high moisture sensitivities of ZnCl 2 and AlCl 3 allow these Lewis acids to pull moisture from the air, which further aids in smoke generation.…”

Section: Environmentally Friendly White Smoke Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Advances Toward the Development of “Green” Pyrotechnics

Sabatini

2014

Green Energetic Materials

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“…Pulmonary symptoms include chest constriction, pain, hoarseness with secondary symptoms including elevated pulse, fever, and edema [Donohue 1992]. Acute toxicity may also be associated with the production of ZnCl 2 and hydrochloric acid vapors, which can cause lung inflammation, mucosal membrane irritation, dry skin and eyes with smoke exposures >1 hr [Katz 1980, Selden 1994] with hepatotoxicity also reported [Loh 2006]. Repeated exposures to ZnCl 2 have been associated with edema, alveolitis, macrophate infiltration, and fibrosis [Brown 1990].…”

Section: Pyrotechnic Smoke Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Modified TiO2 Obscurants for Increased Safety and Performance

Oldenburg¹,

Holecek²

2012

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. (From -To) REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 30-11-2012 REPORT TYPE Final Report DATES COVERED SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program SERDP 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 17D08 Alexandria, VA 22350-3605 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTNumerical modeling predicts that titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) based obscurants could produce MECs that exceed 10 m 2 /g across the visible portion of the spectrum and gFOMs of 25 m 2 /cm 3 if TiO 2 particles with a narrow size distribution were fabricated and dispersed in a nonagglomerated format. The overall goal of this project was to develop a visible obscurant using low toxicity TiO 2 particles that improves upon the performance of existing powder based visible obscurant grenades by a factor of 5. This goal was achieved by chemically and physically improving the dry powder fill material in a TiO 2 grenade and investigating new methods of disseminating TiO 2 nanoparticles to reduce agglomeration when aerosolized.Several methods to synthesize TiO 2 were developed and evaluated, one yielded discrete 184 nm diameter particles with an 18% CV. A variety of commercially available TiO 2 powders were also acquired, processed, and functionalized with surface chemistries designed to minimize surface adhesion and to optimize dissemination. A wide variety of surface modified TiO 2 powders were packed at precisely controlled pressures into various container geometries. The best performing material was Tiona RCL-9 TiO 2 (Cristal Global) coated in solution with cyclic azasilanes, lyophilized to remove the solvent without agglomerating the nanomaterials, compressing into a thin puck using a ram with 500 psi pressure, and pneumatically disseminating with a burst of 1000 psi air. Using this optimized approach, gFOMs of up to 4 m 2 /cm 3 were obtained, compared to 0.6 m 2 /cm 3 for the currently fielded M106 grenade (a factor of 6 improvement). Continued improvement in deagglomerating...

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Physical and Chemical Characterization of Fog Oil Smoke and Hexachloroethane Smoke

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluate and characterize mechanisms controlling transport, fate, and effects of army smokes in the aerosol wind tunnel: Transport, transformations, fate, and terrestrial ecological effects of hexachloroethane obscurant smokes

Evaluate and characterize mechanisms controlling transport, fate, and effects of army smokes in the aerosol wind tunnel: Transport, transformations, fate, and terrestrial ecological effects of hexachloroethane obscurant smokes

Advances Toward the Development of “Green” Pyrotechnics

Surface Modified TiO2 Obscurants for Increased Safety and Performance

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