Physical and Chemical Methods for the Reduction of Biological Hazards in Animal Feeds

Huss, A. R.; Cochrane, R. A.; Jones, Clifford L. W.; Atungulu, Griffiths G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811835-1.00005-1

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Adequate mixing is a critical step during feed milling, especially for micro-ingredients. Mixer overfilling and deposits from the mixer, as well as, the sequence of ingredient addition and mixing time may influence the product (Stark and Jones 2009;Rocha et al 2015;Huss et al 2018;Martínez et al 2018). Additionally, the antibiotic residue found in feed labeled as non-medicated can be attributed to errors in labeling or batch to batch cross-contamination (Stolker et al 2013;Seró et al 2015;Filippitzi et al 2016).…”

Section: Residues Found In Batch-to-batch Cleaning or Flushing Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

et al. 2019

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Background: When present in animal feedstuff, mycotoxins contaminants and antibiotic residues can have negative implications for animal production and Public Health, including the transmission of carcinogenic compounds and the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, respectively. So far there are no available methods in which both mycotoxins and antibiotic residues are analyzed using a parallel extraction approach. To address this issue, we developed a LC/MS methodology with high sensitivity (0.005 to 6.42 and 24.55 to 132.73 μg kg − 1 for mycotoxins and antimicrobials) and specificity (unique target ion mass/charge) that allows the detection of 26 mycotoxins and 23 antibiotic residues in animal feedstuff and validated it through the determination of these analytes in 294 animal feed and feed ingredient samples in the framework of a country-wide surveillance program. Two hundred and five of these samples were analyzed for mycotoxins and 89 for antibiotics. Findings: Fumonisin was the most frequently toxin found, with FB 1 and FB 2 presenting prevalences of 50 and 52% and maximum concentrations of 14,927.61 and 8646.67 μg kg − 1 , respectively. Other toxins, including diacetoxyscirpenol n = 4/101 (3.96%), fusarenon-X n = 2/101 (1.98%), citrinin n = 2 (1.98%), and patulin n = 1 (0.99%) were rarely found. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of toxin metabolites, such as HT-2 (6.38-485.49 μg kg − 1) and 3−/15acetoxydeoxynivalenol (877.89-3236.56/5.44-1685.3 μg kg − 1), were also found. Few samples exceeded threshold mycotoxin concentrations defined in current EU guidelines. Dairy cattle and swine feeds included the higher number of samples exceeding guideline values (n = 6 and n = 5, respectively). From the total of samples analysed for antibiotics, 7.7% (n = 7/89) were classified as medicated for poultry and pigs. Unexpectedly, 57% of these medicated samples contained no detectable antibiotics (n = 4/7). The remaining 43% of the samples (n = 3/7) presented inconsistencies regarding the concentration of analytes declared on the labels or the antibiotics found. Likewise 74.6% (n = 50/67) of the non-medicated feed samples analyzed had antibiotic residues. Additionally, we analyzed commercial monensin standards for purity and evaluate batch-to-batch flushing feed industry practices. Conclusions: Herein we report the results for a year-wide analysis for mycotoxins and antibiotics in feed samples. Mycotoxins, several metabolites, and the occurrence of these emerging contaminants were evaluated and antibiotic residues in non-medicated feed samples were found using a targeted MS-based LC approach. This validated multianalyte method is expected to facilitate the monitoring and surveillance of contaminants, from natural and anthropogenic origin, in animal feed.

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Section: Residues Found In Batch-to-batch Cleaning or Flushing Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

et al. 2019

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“…Windows and doors allow the entrance of birds and other animals, which increases the risk of contamination of raw materials and the finished product. The first defense against biological hazards in a production system relies on the facilities [25]; therefore, facilities represent a critical point. Moreover, neither facility had a protocol for people or external vehicles access, nor there was a clear written indication for the correct flow of workers and visitors through the feed plant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In facility B, walls separate each area of the food plant, however, the process flow should be corrected as the transit lines between the raw materials and the finished product area should never cross (red steps, Figure 2A,B). Any contamination, especially biological hazards, can occur through employee traffic or the relocation of equipment [25].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equipment), both facilities breach points 4.3 and 4.6, sensitive issues. None of the facilities showed evidence that their equipment guarantees accuracy [26] or that batch-to-batch cross-contamination does not occur [25,27]. Establishment A also has NC in 4.2, where it failed to collect evidence that shows magnets and screens are routinely checked, a critical point, in physical hazards avoidance [10,25].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The issue above represents another critical point since the reception of raw materials is an entrance for physical, chemical, and biological hazards [27]. Though keeping control of each batch of raw material may be taxing, an inspection of suppliers, considering the requirements of the ingredients to be acquired, will reduce potential risks [25]. On the other hand, it is not guaranteed that the finished product possesses the nutritional formulation that was previously calculated, and there are no routine safety controls.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pet Food Quality Assurance and Safety and Quality Assurance Survey within the Costa Rican Pet Food Industry

Leiva

Molina

Redondo-Solano

et al. 2019

Animals

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Costa Rican animal feed production is continually growing, with approximately 1,238,243 metric tons produced in 2018. Production-wise, pet cat and dog food are in fifth place (about 41,635 metric tons per year) amongst animal feeds, and it supplies up to 90% of the national market. Pet food production has increased as a response to the increase in the population of dogs and cats in Costa Rica, where 50.5% of households own at least one dog and indicates more responsible ownership in terms of feeding pets. Part of the process of making dry pet food involves a thermal process called extrusion, which is capable of eliminating the microbial load. However, extrusion can compromise nutritional quality to some extent by denaturing proteins, oxidizing lipids, and reducing digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and safety of dry pet food and to assess the effect of the extrusion process on digestibility and the quality of proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids. Pet food samples were collected before and after extrusion and were used to evaluate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), based on Central American Technical Regulation (RTCA 65.05.63:11). In general terms, weaknesses in infrastructure, documentary evidence, and post-process practices were observed in two Costa Rican feed manufactories. Feed safety was surveyed through the analysis of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, fungi, and yeasts counts. The extrusion process effectively reduced pathogenic microorganisms, and showed no effect on the digestibility of dog food (p = 0.347), however, it could reduce the availability of some nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids). Furthermore, a retrospective diagnosis was made for puppy food (n = 68), dog food (n = 158), and cat food (n = 25), to evaluate the history of nutritional quality and safety. Finally, it can be confirmed that the correct implementation of GMP allows feed manufacturers to deliver a product of optimum texture, smell, nutritional composition, and safety.

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Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo efficiency of in-feed bacteriophage cocktail application to control Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broiler chicks

Pourabadeh,

Madani,

Dorostkar

et al. 2024

Avian Pathology

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Physical and Chemical Methods for the Reduction of Biological Hazards in Animal Feeds

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Pet Food Quality Assurance and Safety and Quality Assurance Survey within the Costa Rican Pet Food Industry

Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo efficiency of in-feed bacteriophage cocktail application to control Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broiler chicks

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