Physical Approaches to Penetration Enhancement

Abstract

an online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and full-text of published articles. The journal is devoted to the promotion of health sciences and related disciplines (including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, and related engineering fields). It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the industry and the healthcare professionals. It will also provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in health sciences and related disciplines. The journal welcomes original research papers, reviews and case reports on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication) will be published without delay. The maximum length of manuscripts should normally be 10,000 words (20 single-spaced typewritten pages) for review, 6,000 words for research articles, 3,000 for technical notes, case reports, commentaries and short communications. Submission of Manuscript:The International Journal of Health Research uses a journal management software to allow authors track the changes to their submission. All manuscripts must be in MS Word and in English and should be submitted online at http://www.ijhr.org. Authors who do not want to submit online or cannot submit online should send their manuscript by e-mail attachment (in single file) to the editorial office below. Submission of a manuscript is an indication that the content has not been published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. Authors may submit the names of expert reviewers or those they do not want to review their papers. Enquiries Review Article Physical Approaches to Penetration Enhancement AbstractTransdermal delivery of drugs through the skin to the systemic circulation provides a convenient route of administration for a variety of clinical indications. For transdermal delivery of drugs, stratum corneum is the main barrier layer for permeation of drug. So to circumvent the stratum corneum and to increase the flux through skin membrane, different approaches of penetration enhancement are used. Many reviews had described regarding iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis, phonophoresis but other physical method of penetration enhancement like magnetophoresis, laser radiation and photomechanical waves, radio frequency, thermophoresis, microneedle based devices, skin puncture and perforation, needleless injection, suction ablation, application of pressure, skin stretching, skin abration are not exploited for reviews. These physical methods are used extensively to enhance permeation of drugs through skin. The review presents mainly the routes of penetration through skin and the physical approach of penetration enhancement to optimise the transdermal delivery system.

Enhancement in deposition and permeation of 5-fluorouracil through human epidermis assisted by peptide dendrimers

“…The effective and reliable delivery of drugs, however, presents an entirely new set of challenges, which are stringently controlled, albeit less so than oral/parental dosage forms, by regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA). To meet the criteria for reliable and reproducible skin-mediated drug delivery, a range of approaches and enhancement techniques, primarily aimed at disrupting the formidable barrier effect of the (epi)dermal layer, have been proposed, and these are typically physical or chemical in origin (Howard & Kenneth, 1996;Benson, 2005;Ritesh & Anil, 2007;Tiwary et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2007;Nikhil et al, 2008;Dhamecha et al, 2009;Pathan & Setty, 2009;Kumar et al, 2010;Madishetti et al, 2010;Sharma et al, 2011). The physical techniques primarily include iontophoresis, sonophoresis and laser-based treatments, all of which are laborious, require specialized equipment and there are also cases of irreversible skin damage being attributed to such approaches (Meidan et al, 1999;Fang et al, 2004;Brahma & Shyam, 2008;Clara et al, 2008).…”

Development and Evaluation of Pregabalin Transdermal Patch for the Treatment of Neuropathetic Pain.

“…[9][10] Evaluation of Drug Loaded Patches of HPMC E-15 and Eudragit RS-100:-Physicochemical Evaluation:-Physical Appearance:-Formulated patches were evaluated for their physical appearance, uniformity, entrapment of any air bubble or precipitation of drug, which on a large part determines patient acceptability of the patch and also therapeutic efficacy. [11] Thickness:-Thickness of Transdermal patch was measured by using Mitutoyo Digimatic Micrometer. Thickness of rectangular patch (2x2cms) was determined at three different points and average thickness was calculated.…”

Natural Permeation Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery System and Permeation Evaluation: A Review

“…They are an important factor in a TDDS which is used to improve the flux (J). Flux can be defined as the amount of material flowing through the unit cross section area at the time (t) [10].…”