“…The large specific surface area of nanoparticles and mesoporous/hollow nanostructures increases the amount of drug/gene loading. To exploit these advantages, many researchers have designed nanocarriers such as liposomes [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], polymeric micelles [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], polymeric nanoparticles [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], carbon nanotubes [ 22 , 23 ], reduced graphene oxides [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], gold nanoparticles [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], magnetic nanoparticles [ 30 , 31 , 32 ], and lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”