Physical Characterization of Cigarette Smoke Aerosol Generated from a Walton Smoke Machine

Chen, B. T.; Namenyi, J.; Yeh, Hsu‐Chi; Mauderly, Joe L.; Cuddihy, R.G.

doi:10.1080/02786829008959352

Cited by 63 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…4 and 5. This is in agreement with the experimental results of Chen et al (1990) and Ishizu et al (1980).…”

Section: Comparison Of Theoretical and Experimental Growth Of Cigaretsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Properties of CSP (M,, p,, F) are available from current literature and are listed in Table 1 for sidestream CSP and Table 2 for mainstream CSP. (Li, 1993) 60 (Li, 1993) 0.98 (Martonen, 1982) 340 (Ishizu et al, 1980) 61 (Ishizu et al, 1980) 1.12 (Chen et al, 1990)…”

Section: Growth Equation For Cigarette Smoke Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because the concentration was high, this growth could have been due to a combination of coagulation and hygroscopicity. Chen et al (1990) measured coagulation rate for RH of 60 and 95% and found no significant difference, indicating no hygroscopic growth at R H less than 95%. Ishizu et al (1980) measured negligible growth at saturations less than 74 and 94% for mainstream and sidestream CSP, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Analysis of Hygroscopic Growth Rate of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

Robinson

1998

Aerosol Science and Technology

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ABSTRACT. The deposition of cigarette smoke particles (CSP) in the human respiratory tract is difficult to predict theoretically due to the uncertainties in the characterization of these particles. Measured deposition efficiencies for CSP do not agree with those for typical particles of similar size. One explanation of this discrepancy is the hygroscopic growth of CSP once inside the respiratory tract. However, a minimum of experimental data exists and no theoretical study was done to explain the hygroscopic nature of CSP. In this paper, hygroscopic growth of mainstream and sidestream CSP is determined theoretically for conditions simulating the human respiratory tract. The hygroscopicity of CSP was found to be significantly less than a salt particle and the resulting growth rates were not large enough to explain the discrepancy between expected and measured deposition efficiencies. AEROSOL SCI-

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“…4 and 5. This is in agreement with the experimental results of Chen et al (1990) and Ishizu et al (1980).…”

Section: Comparison Of Theoretical and Experimental Growth Of Cigaretsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Growth Equation For Cigarette Smoke Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Analysis of Hygroscopic Growth Rate of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

Robinson

1998

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Aerosol dilution is also required to lower aerosol concentrations to within the operational range of some types of measurement instrumentation, e.g., electrical low pressure impactors and fast electric mobility analyzers. However, it has been established that significant amounts of particulate matter can evaporate under typical dilution levels, owing to the presence of volatile components in mainstream smoke (11)(12). The result is that the PSD measured is not reflective of the PSD exiting the cigarette.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Particle Size Distribution of E-Cigarette Aerosols and the Relationship to Cambridge Filter Pad Collection Efficiency

Alderman¹,

Song²,

Moldoveanu³

et al. 2015

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung / Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe relatively volatile nature of the particulate matter fraction of e-cigarette aerosols presents an experimental challenge with regard to particle size distribution measurements. This is particularly true for instruments requiring a high degree of aerosol dilution. This was illustrated in a previous study, where average particle diameters in the 10-50 nm range were determined by a high-dilution, electrical mobility method. Total particulate matter (TPM) masses calculated based on those diameters were orders of magnitude smaller than gravimetrically determined TPM. This discrepancy was believed to result from almost complete particle evaporation at the dilution levels of the electrical mobility analysis. The same study described a spectral transmission measurement of e-cigarette particle size in an undiluted state, and reported particles from 210-380 nm count median diameter. Observed particle number concentrations were in the 10 9 particles/cm 3 range. Additional particle size measurements described here also found e-cigarette particle size to be in the 260-320 nm count median diameter range. Cambridge filter pads have been used for decades to determine TPM yields of tobacco burning cigarettes, and collection of e-cigarette TPM by fibrous filters is predicted to be a highly efficient process over a wide range of filtration flow rates. The results presented in this work provide support for this hypothesis.Described here is a study in which e-cigarette aerosols were collected on Cambridge filters with adsorbent traps placed downstream in an effort to capture any material passing through the filter. Amounts of glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and water were quantified on the filter and downstream trap. Glycerin, propylene glycol, and nicotine were effciently captured (> 98%) by the upstream Cambridge filter, and a correlation was observed between filtration efficiency and the partial vapor pressure of each component. The present analysis was largely inconclusive with regard to filter efficiency and particle-vapor partitioning of water. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 183-190] KEYWORDS: Electronic cigarette, aerosol, particle size, filtration efficiency ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die relativ flüchtige Natur der Partikelfraktion von EZigaretten-Aerosol stellt hinsichtlich der Messungen zur Partikelgrößenverteilung eine experimentelle Herausforderung dar. Dies gilt im besonderen Maße für Geräte, die einen hohen Grad der Aerosolverdünnung erfordern. Dies wurde in einer vorangegangenen Studie dargestellt, in der die mittleren Partikeldurchmesser im Bereich von RESUMELa nature relativement volatile de la fraction de matière particulaire dans les aérosols de cigarettes électroniques représente un défi expérimental concernant les méthodes pour mesurer la distribution des tailles de ces particules. Cela est particulièrement vrai pour les instruments nécessitant un haut degré de dilution des aérosols. Ceci a été illustré dans une étude précédente, où une méthode de mobilité électrique à dilution élevée a permis de...

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“…A mean average diameter of cigarette mainstream smoke particles in 35 mL puffs of 0.22-0.27 µm was reported, independent from puff number and tip ventilation (up to 84%). The effects of aging time and dilution on particle size distribution were examined by CHEN et al (296). Their results suggested that there was a dilution value critical for the rapid coagulation and evaporation, and the final particle size of the cigarette smoke aerosol -with further dilution having little effect on the decrease of particle size.…”

Section: Mentholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Physical Characterization of Cigarette Smoke Aerosol Generated from a Walton Smoke Machine

Cited by 63 publications

References 19 publications

Theoretical Analysis of Hygroscopic Growth Rate of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

Theoretical Analysis of Hygroscopic Growth Rate of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

Particle Size Distribution of E-Cigarette Aerosols and the Relationship to Cambridge Filter Pad Collection Efficiency

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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