Physical, chemical, mineralogical, and thermal properties of cenospheres from an ash lagoon

Coal combustion residues—environmental implications and recycling potentials

“…In CCRs, quartz (SiO 2 ), Alumino silicate (gehlenite, Ca 2 Al 2 SiO 7 ) and hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) are the predominant phase constituents, which influenced the concentration of alumina, silica and iron oxide (Asokan, 2003;Janos et al, 2002). The studies carried out by Kolay and Singh (2001) and Saxena et al (1998) 4 and Tenorite (CuO) also present in CCRs. However, the mullite crystals are largely attributed to kaolinite and illite contributes towards the glass and cenospheres (Spears, 2000).…”

“…4). And some of them were spherical, hollow shaped and cenospheres in nature (Asokan, 2003;Fisher et al, 1978;Kolay and Singh, 2001;Murarka et al, 1993;Norton et al, 1986). Microstructure of CCRs may influence the binding properties, sorption characteristics of the final products or process.…”

Effect of cenospheric fillers on the flammability and fire hazard of silicone rubber composites

“…Cenospheres are light, chemically neutral, hollow spheres consisting of silica and aluminum, mostly filled with air, obtainable in the process of fine coal combustion [26,27]. They are characterized by unique properties, including low mass, good insulating properties, low water absorption and great chemical and thermal resistance [28].…”

Low Carbon Footprint TiO2 Substitutes in Paint: A Review

“…One source is from fly ash; a by-product from coal burning electricity generating power stations [75], [76]. Fly ash cenospheres come in a variety of sizes but generally have a diameter between 20-200 µm and a wall thickness of 2-10 µm [75].…”

“…One source is from fly ash; a by-product from coal burning electricity generating power stations [75], [76]. Fly ash cenospheres come in a variety of sizes but generally have a diameter between 20-200 µm and a wall thickness of 2-10 µm [75]. Due to the hollow nature of cenospheres, they can be easily extracted from the bulk of fly ash by a sink/float process [77] and a specific size range can easily be separated by screening.…”