“…For instance, several studies have used ML algorithms, such as decision trees (DT), k-nearest-neighbors (KNN), and support vector machines (SVM), with physiological data such as Heart Rate Variability (HRV), body temperature, and behavior tracking sensors such as accelerometers, to detect mental workload, exertion, and stress in firefighters [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Similarly, other studies have used ML algorithms with other populations to detect task difficulty, mental workload, fatigue, engagement, enjoyment, and user performance [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. ML algorithms have also been used successfully to classify fNIRS data; for example, they have been used with fNIRS with an average accuracy of 73.79% to recognize positive emotions of participants after watching emotional videos [ 39 ].…”