Physical, Mechanical, and Anti‐Biofilm Formation Properties of CAD‐CAM Milled or 3D Printed Denture Base Resins: In Vitro Analysis

Freitas, Rodrigo Falcão Carvalho Porto de; Duarte, Simone; Feitosa, Sabrina; Dutra, Vinícius; Lin, Wei‐Shao; Panariello, Beatriz Helena Dias; Carreiro, Adriana da Fonte Porto

doi:10.1111/jopr.13554

Cited by 42 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Hydrophobic materials have been reported to be more prone to C. albicans adhesion through hydrophobic interactions between the denture surface and the hydrophobic cell surface [ 48 ]. Two previous studies [ 49 , 50 ] compared the hydrophobicity of 3D-printed resin with that of conventional PMMA. Freitas et al [ 49 ] found that 3D-printed resin showed a lower contact angle (indicating greater hydrophilicity) when compared with conventional PMMA acrylic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two previous studies [ 49 , 50 ] compared the hydrophobicity of 3D-printed resin with that of conventional PMMA. Freitas et al [ 49 ] found that 3D-printed resin showed a lower contact angle (indicating greater hydrophilicity) when compared with conventional PMMA acrylic. However, 3D-printed resins showed the highest C. albicans adhesion among the tested resins, which was mainly attributed to their surface roughness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibiofilm Activity of 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Resin: Impact of ZrO2 Nanoparticles

et al. 2023

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Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a commonly used material, as it is biocompatible and relatively cheap. However, its mechanical properties and weak antibiofilm activity are major concerns. With the development of new technology, 3D-printed resins are emerging as replacements for PMMA. Few studies have investigated the antibiofilm activity of 3D-printed resins. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity and surface roughness of a 3D-printed denture base resin modified with different concentrations of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs). A total of 60 resin disc specimens (15 × 2 mm) were fabricated and divided into six groups (n = 10). The groups comprised a heat-polymerized resin (PMMA) group, an unmodified 3D-printed resin (NextDent) group, and four 3D-printed resin groups that were modified with ZrO2 NPs at various concentrations (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%). All specimens were polished using a conventional method and then placed in a thermocycler machine for 5000 cycles. Surface roughness (Ra, µm) was measured using a non-contact profilometer. The adhesion of Candida albicans (C. albicans) was measured using a fungal adhesion assay that consisted of a colony forming unit assay and a cell proliferation assay. The data were analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk and Kruskal–Wallis tests. A Mann–Whitney U test was used for pairwise comparison, and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The lowest Ra value (0.88 ± 0.087 µm) was recorded for the PMMA group. In comparison to the PMMA group, the 3% ZrO2 NPs 3D-printed group showed a significant increase in Ra (p < 0.025). For the 3D-printed resins, significant differences were found between the groups with 0% vs. 3% ZrO2 NPs and 3% vs. 5% ZrO2 NPs (p < 0.025). The highest Ra value (0.96 ± 0.06 µm) was recorded for the 3% ZrO2 NPs group, and the lowest Ra values (0.91 ± 0.03 µm) were recorded for the 0.5% and 5% ZrO2 NPs groups. In terms of antifungal activity, the cell proliferation assay showed a significant decrease in the C. albicans count for the 0.5% ZrO2 NPs group when compared with PMMA and all other groups of 3D-printed resins. The group with the lowest concentration of ZrO2 NPs (0.5%) showed the lowest level of C. albicans adhesion of all the tested groups and showed the lowest Candida count (0.29 ± 0.03). The addition of ZrO2 NPs in low concentrations did not affect the surface roughness of the 3D-printed resins. These 3D-printed resins with low concentrations of nanocomposites could be used as possible materials for the prevention and treatment of denture stomatitis, due to their antibiofilm activities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiofilm Activity of 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Resin: Impact of ZrO2 Nanoparticles

et al. 2023

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“…31 32 The degree of polymerization may be influenced by the efficacy of the postrinsing procedure, which ensures the elimination of uncured resin and reduces the existence of unreacted monomers. 33 The findings indicated that automated procedures rinsing for 15 minutes produced the greatest DC score; however, no statistically significant differences were seen among the other methods. When postrinsing time is taken into account, a longer postrinsing time may facilitate the removal of residues from the uncured resin layer, therefore increasing the surface object's exposure to UV radiation and enabling polymerization to occur during the postpolymerizing stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Effect of Postrinsing Times and Methods on Surface Roughness, Hardness, and Polymerization of 3D-Printed Photopolymer Resin

Katheng,

Prawatvatchara,

Tonprasong

et al. 2024

Eur J Dent

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Objectives This in vitro study investigated the effects of different postrinsing times and methods on the surface roughness, surface hardness, and degree of polymerization of materials manufactured via stereolithography (SLA). Materials and Methods A total of 288 disk-shaped specimens were manufactured using an SLA three-dimensional (3D) printer. The specimens were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 32) based on rinsing times and methods. The groups were categorized into three rinsing methods: automated, ultrasonic, and hand washing, with rinsing times of 5, 10, and 15 minutes using a 99% isopropanol alcohol as a solvent. Linear roughness (Ra) and area roughness (Sa) were measured using a 3D confocal laser microscopy; the roughness morphology was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy. Vickers hardness (VHN) tests were performed using a Vickers microhardness tester. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry was used to determine the degree of conversion of treated specimens. Statistical Analysis Data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. The post hoc Tukey tests were conducted to compare the differences between groups (p < 0.05). Results The choice of the rinsing time and method affected the surface properties of the SLA photopolymer resin. The 15 minutes of ultrasonic method exhibited the highest Ra scores (0.86 ± 0.1 µm), while the 15 minutes of automated method presented the highest Sa scores (1.77 ± 0.35 µm). For the VHN test, the 15 minutes of ultrasonic method displayed the highest VHN score (18.26 ± 1.03 kgf/mm2). For the degree of polymerization, the 15 minutes of automated method was initially identified as the most effective (87.22 ± 6.80). Conclusion To facilitate the overall surface roughness, surface hardness, and degree of polymerization, the optimal choice of postprocessing rinsing time and method for achieving a clear photopolymer resin was determined to be the ultrasonic method with a rinsing time of 15 minutes.

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“…Mokhtar et al observed that bacterial adhesion on MA materials was influenced by fabrication methods (AM, SM, and heat/cold curing), with AM showing the best results [ 15 ]. Results were heterogenous, since more C. albicans was observed on AM specimens compared to SM ones [ 43 ]. Although a significant effect of the building angle on surface roughness/topography was previously reported, no relevant difference in the adhesion of Candida albicans was observed [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Adhesion on Dental Polymers as a Function of Manufacturing Techniques

et al. 2023

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The microbiological behavior of dental polymer materials is crucial to secure the clinical success of dental restorations. Here, the manufacturing process and the machining can play a decisive role. This study investigated the bacterial adhesion on dental polymers as a function of manufacturing techniques (additive/subtractive) and different polishing protocols. Specimens were made from polyaryletherketone (PEEK, PEKK, and AKP), resin-based CAD/CAM materials (composite and PMMA), and printed methacrylate (MA)-based materials. Surface roughness (Rz; Ra) was determined using a laser scanning microscope, and SFE/contact angles were measured using the sessile drop method. After salivary pellicle formation, in vitro biofilm formation was initiated by exposing the specimens to suspensions of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis). Adherent bacteria were quantified using a fluorometric assay. One-way ANOVA analysis found significant influences (p < 0.001) for the individual parameters (treatment and material) and their combinations for both types of bacteria. Stronger polishing led to significantly (p < 0.001) less adhesion of S. sanguinis (Pearson correlation PC = −0.240) and S. mutans (PC = −0.206). A highly significant (p = 0.010, PC = 0.135) correlation between S. sanguinis adhesion and Rz was identified. Post hoc analysis revealed significant higher bacterial adhesion for vertically printed MA specimens compared to horizontally printed specimens. Furthermore, significant higher adhesion of S. sanguinis on pressed PEEK was revealed comparing to the other manufacturing methods (milling, injection molding, and 3D printing). The milled PAEK samples showed similar bacterial adhesion. In general, the resin-based materials, composites, and PAEKs showed different bacterial adhesion. Fabrication methods were shown to play a critical role; the pressed PEEK showed the highest initial accumulations. Horizontal DLP fabrication reduced bacterial adhesion. Roughness < 10 µm or polishing appear to be essential for reducing bacterial adhesion.

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Physical, Mechanical, and Anti‐Biofilm Formation Properties of CAD‐CAM Milled or 3D Printed Denture Base Resins: In Vitro Analysis

Cited by 42 publications

References 33 publications

Antibiofilm Activity of 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Resin: Impact of ZrO2 Nanoparticles

Antibiofilm Activity of 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Resin: Impact of ZrO2 Nanoparticles

Effect of Postrinsing Times and Methods on Surface Roughness, Hardness, and Polymerization of 3D-Printed Photopolymer Resin

Bacterial Adhesion on Dental Polymers as a Function of Manufacturing Techniques

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