“…In addition, TiO 2 has a high recombination rate between the electron (e − ) and hole (h + ) pairs which results in low quantum yield. Hence, in order to enhance the visible light absorption and to slow down the e − /h + recombination, one of the approaches is to dope with metal/nonmetal, such as Zn, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, V, Cr, Mo, Ce, Zr, Au, Y, F, N, I [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and so on. Moreover, recent reports are focused on co-doping of TiO 2 photocatalysts with different ions (metal/metal and metal/nonmetal), allowing better separation of the photogenerated electron and holes, assuring an effective enhancement of visible light adsorption together with higher photocatalytic activity [20][21][22].…”