Physical Properties of Well Seasoned Molybdenum and Tantalum as a Function of Temperature

Electrical Repair of Incomplete Back Contact Insulation (P1) in Cu(In,Ga)Se<inline-formula><tex-math> $_2$</tex-math></inline-formula> Photovoltaic Thin-Film Modules

“…Our first-order approximation takes into account the temperature dependence of the Mo's resistivity. The measurement data are extracted from [28] and [29].…”

“…Fig. 4 presents the resistivity ρ res as a curve concatenated of measurement data from [28] and [29]. Fig.…”

“…In addition to the assumption of no heat exchange with the surrounding by Q diff = 0, we work in our first-order approximation with averaged values of ρ res within each state based on the data in [28] and [29], i.e., withρ solid = 0.4 μΩ · m in the solid state,ρ melt = 0.9 μΩ · m during melting,ρ liquid = 1.1 μΩ · m in the liquid state, and for the sake of simplicity we assumeρ evap =ρ liquid = 1.1 μΩ · m during evaporation.…”

Perfect blackbody radiation from a graphene nanostructure with application to high-temperature spectral emissivity measurements

“…The normal spectral emissivity of a heated planar surface is obtained by defining the ratio of the energy radiated normal to the surface in a narrow wavelength range to that radiated by an ideal blackbody radiator. However, until now, no ideal blackbody radiator has been available, and the spectral emissivities of various refractory materials have traditionally been determined by creating a small radial hole on the surface of the refractory material and then comparing the emission from the surface of the sample to that from the radial hole [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. A more recent approach to obtaining the spectral emissivity is the use of a blackbody furnace as a standard radiation source; the emission from the surface of a sample is compared to that from the blackbody furnace at the same temperature with the same optical arrangement [40].…”

“…Using this blackbody material, we also review the spectral emissivities of refractory metals such as tungsten and tantalum. The thermal radiation properties of refractory metals have been studied over the past 100 years [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]; however, we consider that an ideal blackbody sample such as that obtained here offers a precise method for measuring the emissivity, temperature, and radiation spectrum. Therefore, this newly developed blackbody provides an excellent opportunity to confirm previously determined thermal radiation properties.…”